SUMMARY
Working with adolescents who have substance use disorders is a complex and delicate task. For treatment to be effective, nothing is more important than establishing a genuine relationship with the adolescent. A comprehensive assessment of the adolescent’s needs and family support is essential. It is unacceptable to treat adolescents with adult approaches that do not recognize the developmental needs of this age group. Effective treatment will likely include varied methods. A comprehensive service delivery that incorporates individual, Addiction Center. (2021). Teenage substance abuse prevention. https://www. addictioncenter.com/teenage-drug-abuse/teenage-substance-abuse-prevention/ Alcohol and Drug Abuse Institute (ADAI). (n.d.; retrieved 6/30/23). Problem oriented screening instrument for teenagers (POSIT). http://psychiatryassociatespc.com/doc/ POSIT_for_Teen.pdf American Academy of Family Physicians. (2019). Motivational interviewing: Four steps to get started. https://www.aafp.org/journals/fpm/blogs/inpractice/entry/motivational_ interviewing.html American Addiction Centers. (2019). Hepatitis C and addiction. https:// americanaddictioncenters.org/adult-addiction-treatment-programs/hepatitis-c American Addiction Centers. (2020). Motivational interviewing: Stages of change. https:// recoveryfirst.org/motivational-interviewing/ American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.). Author. American Psychological Society. (2017). What is cognitive behavioral therapy? https://www. apa.org/ptsd-guideline/patients-and-families/cognitive-behavioral American Student Dental Association (ASDA). (2022). Community outreach and community service. https://www.asdanet.org/index/programs-events/community-outreach Brennan, D. (2021). What to know about systematic desensitization. https://www.webmd. com/anxiety-panic/what-to-know-systematic-desensitization-therapy References Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2020). Tobacco product use among middle and high school students: United States, 2020. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/ volumes/69/wr/mm6950a1.htm Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2021a). Opioids: Understanding the epidemic. https://www.cdc.gov/opioids/basics/epidemic.html Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2021b). Quick facts on the risks of e-cigarettes for kids, teens, and young adults. https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/basic_ information/e-cigarettes/Quick-Facts-on-the-Risks-of-E-cigarettes-for-Kids-Teens-and-Young- Adults.html Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2021c). Testing and diagnosis: HIV in the United States and dependent areas. https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/statistics/overview/ ataglance.html Clark, C. M. (2019). Evidence-based scripting to address incivility. Nurse Educator, 44(2), 65-68. https://doi.org/10.1097/NNE.0000000000000563 Cleveland Clinic. (2018). Adolescent development. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/ articles/7060-adolescent-development Cooke, J. E., Stuart-Parrigon, K. L., Movahed-Atahi, M., Koehn, A. J., & Kerns, K. A. (2016). Children’s emotional understanding and mother-child attachment: A meta-analysis. Emotion, 16(8), 1102-1106. doi: 10.1037/emo0000221 Current Nursing. (2020). Behavior therapy techniques based on classical conditioning. https://currentnursing.com/pn/behaviour_therapy.html Desrosiers, N.A., Ramaekers, J.G., Chauchard, E., Gorelick, D.A., & Huestis, M. (2015). Smoked cannabis' psychomotor and neurocognitive effects in occasional and frequent smokers. Journal of Analytical Toxicology, 39(4):251-61. https://doi.org/10.1093/jat/bkv012 eINSIGHT. (n.d.; retrieved 6/30/23). Drug use screening inventory (DUSI). https://www. einsight.net/solutions/dusi/ Guerrero, E. G., Fenwick, K., Kong, Y., Grella, C., & D’Aunno, T. (2015). Paths to improving engagement among racial and ethnic minorities in addiction health services. Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy, 10(40). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13011-015- 0036-z Kelly, J. F., Yeterian, J. D., Cristello, J. V., Kaminer, Y., Kahler, C. W., & Timko, C. (2016). Developing and testing twelve-step facilitation for adolescents with substance use disorder: Manual development and preliminary outcomes. Substance Abuse: Research and Treatment, 10, 55-64. https://doi.org/10.4137/SART.S39635 Kendall, P. C. & Peterman, J. S. (2015). CBT for adolescents with anxiety: Mature yet still developing. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 172(6), 519-530. https://doi.org/10.1176/ appi.ajp.2015.14081061 Knoll, L. I. Fuhrmann, D., Sakhardande, A. L., Stamp, F., Speekenbrink, M., & Blakemore, S. (2016). A window of opportunity for cognitive training in adolescence. Psychological Science. https://doi.org/10.1177/095679616671327
group, family, and possibly residential treatment is commonly required. In addition, 12-step groups and other support-based resources are sometimes necessary to achieve the goals in a treatment plan. Treatment should involve the union of contexts, such as family, school, neighborhood, the larger community, and (commonly) the juvenile court system to achieve a successful counseling outcome with the adolescent. Long-term care should be considered. Meadows-Oliver, M. (2019). Pediatric nursing made incredibly easy (3rd ed.). Wolters Kluwer. Merced County Behavioral Health and Recovery Services. (2021). SUD case management guidelines. https://www.co.merced.ca.us/DocumentCenter/View/20424/Case-Management- Documentation-Guide Minden, J. (2017). How much does homework matter in therapy? https://www. psychologytoday.com/us/blog/cbt-and-me/201704/how-much-does-homework-matter-in- therapy National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. (2019). The promise of adolescence: Realizing opportunity for all youth. National Academics Press. https://doi. org/10.17226/25388. https://www.nap.edu/catalog/25388/the-promise-of-adolescence- realizing-opportunity-for-all-youth National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2015). Therapeutic communities. https://d14rmgtrwzf5a. cloudfront.net/sites/default/files/therapueticcomm_rrs_0723.pdf National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2019a). NIDA launches two brief online validated adolescent substance use screening tools. https://www.drugabuse.gov/nidamed-medical- health-professionals/screening-tools-resources/screening-tools-adolescent-substance-use National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2019b). Treatment approaches for drug addiction drug facts. https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/treatment-approaches-drug- addiction National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2020). Part 1: The connection between substance use disorders and mental illness. https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/research-reports/ common-comorbidities-substance-use-disorders/part-1-connection-between-substance-use- disorders-mental-illness Pyramid Healthcare. (2020). Harm reduction vs. abstinence in substance abuse treatment. https://www.pyramidhealthcarepa.com/harm-reduction/ Rebar, C. R., Gersch, C., & Heimgartner, N. M. (Eds.). (2020). Psychiatric nursing made incredibly easy. Wolters Kluwer. SASSI. (n.d.; retrieved 6/30/23). Estimates of the reliability and criterion validity of the adolescent SASSI-A2. https://sassi.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Estimates-of-the- Reliability-and-Criterion-Validity-of-the-Adolescent-SASSI-A2-5-2-17.pdf Scheier, L. M. (2015). Handbook of adolescent drug use prevention: Research, intervention strategies, and practice. American Psychological Association. Stahler, G. J., Mennis, J., & DuCette, J. P. (2016). Residential and outpatient treatment completion for substance use disorders in the U.S.: Moderation analysis by demographics and drug of choice. Addictive Behaviors, 58, 129-135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. addbeh.2016.02.030 Struve, G. (2021). The power and benefits of journaling in addiction recovery. https:// granitemountainbhc.com/blog/benefits-of-journaling-in-addiction-recovery/#How_Can_ Journaling_Benefit_Me Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). (2020). Co- occurring disorders and other health conditions. https://www.samhsa.gov/medication- assisted-treatment/medications-counseling-related-conditions/co-occurring-disorders Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). (2021a). Find help: ATOD. https://www.samhsa.gov/find-help/atod Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). (2021b). The importance of family therapy in substance use disorder treatment. https://store.samhsa.gov/ sites/default/files/SAMHSA_Digital_Download/pep20-02-02-016.pdf The Recovery Village. (2021). What is a halfway house and why should you consider it? https://www.therecoveryvillage.com/treatment-program/aftercare/faq/what-is-a-halfway- house/ Videbeck, S. L. (2020). Psychiatric-mental health nursing (8th ed.). Wolters Kluwer. Wilkens, C., & Kosanke, N. (2015). Three common factors: How empirically-supported treatments approach adolescent substance abuse. Counselor: The Magazine for Addiction Professionals, 16(2), 48-55. World Health Organization (WHO). (2019). Hepatitis C: Key facts. https://www.who.int/en/ news-room/fact-sheets/detail/hepatitis-c Yoshimasu, K., Barbaresi, W. J., Colligan, R. C., Voigt, R. G., Weaver, A. L., & Katusic, S. K. (2016). Mediating and moderating role of depression, conduct disorder or attention-deficit/ hyperactivity disorder in developing adolescent substance use disorders: A population- based study. PLOS ONE, 11(6). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0157488
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