Illinois Professional Counselor Ebook Continuing Education

CONCLUSION

Major depressive disorder is a common problem that affects many people across age, culture, ethnic, racial, and socioeconomic groups. Symptoms of depression include depressed mood, diminished pleasure, weight loss or gain, sleep changes, psychomotor difficulties, fatigue, low sense of self-worth, and diminished thinking ability; these symptoms are multifaceted and include biological, psychological, and social factors. Diagnosis begins with a thorough initial assessment and comparison with the diagnostic criteria listed in DSM-5-TR . Assessment and diagnosis should include the use of standardized tests, which can measure the level, frequency, and severity of impairment. Treatment approaches usually include C ognition : Mental processes such as thought, problem- solving, memory, and perception. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) : A structured, time- limited psychotherapeutic approach designed to resolve dysfunction through the alteration of behaviors and thoughts (i.e., cognitions). Dysthymia : A chronic form of depression with symptoms that are persistent. Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) : A type of treatment that uses a finely controlled electric current to induce seizures. This technique is typically employed in the treatment of severe depression that has been unresponsive to other treatments. Exosystem : One of the levels in ecological systems theory. This level involves people or settings with which a person may not interact often, yet that may still have a large effect on their lives. For example, a husband’s workplace might have a large impact on the wife if his work is demanding and increases her husband’s stress level. Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis (HPA) : An interrelated set of interactions among the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and adrenal gland. The interactions among these organs constitute the HPA axis, which is the part of the neuroendocrine system that helps regulate mood and controls reactions to stress and trauma. The HPA axis is involved in anxiety disorder, bipolar disorder, posttraumatic stress disorder, and clinical depression. Interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT) : A psychotherapeutic approach that emphasizes interpersonal and social factors in understanding and treating depression. Interpersonal psychotherapy focuses on improving the quality of an individual’s interpersonal skills and his or her ability to adapt to current social roles and interpersonal situations. Macrosystem : One of the levels in ecological systems theory. This level includes an individual’s cultural social system, which encompasses nationality, socioeconomic status, poverty, laws, customs, and ethnicity. This is the most remote level in ecological systems theory, yet it may still have great influence on individuals. Maladaptive schemas : An individual’s dysfunctional pattern of reactions, thoughts, and behaviors. Such schemas may have been present from an early age.

pharmacology and psychotherapy. Social interventions include community-level efforts that target change within multiple systems in the environment. Outcome evaluation has become a necessary part of clinical practice. Practitioners can use structured, objective evaluations, such as single-system designs. They can also use more flexible ways of measuring practice, such as the Goal Attainment Scale, frequency counting, and subjective ratings. Clinicians should be aware of cultural issues that may impact assessment, diagnosis, and treatment. They may need additional consultation and support to fully understand and address the cultural needs among their clients. Mesosystem : One of the levels in ecological systems theory. This level describes different aspects of interaction among components of an individual’s microsystem or an individual’s interpersonal connections among social contexts, such as school, family, work, and peers. Microsystem : One of the levels in ecological systems theory. This is an individual’s most personal and intimate social environment, including parents, spouse, and other immediate family members. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs) : A class of medications prescribed for the treatment of depression, in particular atypical depression. MAOIs have problematic side effects, such as negative interactions with certain foods. MAOIs include Nardil (phenelzine), Marplan (isocarboxazid), and Parnate (tranylcypromine). Psychomotor agitation : An individual’s nonproductive repetitive physical actions (e.g., fidgeting, pacing), often associated with emotional tension or anxiety. Psychomotor retardation : An individual’s visible slowing of physical actions and speech. Psychopharmacology : A field of study examining the effects of drugs on psychological functioning and behavior as well as the use of pharmaceutical interventions for the treatment of mental disorders. Serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) : A class of medications that prevent serotonin and norepinephrine from being taken back up by the transmitting neuron and that are used to treat major depression and other mood disorders. SNRIs include Effexor (venlafaxine) and Cymbalta (duloxetine). Side effects may include drowsiness, blurred vision, and constipation. Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors or serotonin- specific reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) : A class of medications that inhibit the reuptake of serotonin in the brain and that are used to treat depression, anxiety, and personality disorders. SSRIs include Celexa (citalopram), Paxil (paroxetine), Prozac (fluoxetine), and Zoloft (sertraline). Side effects may include sexual problems, headaches, nausea, and insomnia. Tricyclic antidepressants : An older class of medications used to treat depression, which often have numerous side effects. Tricyclic antidepressants include Elavil (amitriptyline) and Tofranil (imipramine).

GLOSSARY

RESOURCES

American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (AACAP) AACAP is a national professional medical association dedicated to treating and improving the quality of life for children, adolescents, and families affected by mental

disorders. The website provides information about research, evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of psychiatric disorders. This organization provides resources for the needs of children and their families. Website: https://www. aacap.org

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Book Code: PCIL1525

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