Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ- 9)
Nine-item self-report questionnaire was used to screen, monitor, and measure the severity of depressive symptoms. PHQ-9 helps diagnose depression between 78 and 94% of the time (Maurer et al., 2018)
Spitzer, R. L., Kroenke, K., Williams, J. B. W., & Patient Health Questionnaire Primary Care Study Group. (1999). Validation and utility of a self-report version of PRIME-MD: The PHQ primary care study. JAMA 282 (18), 1737-1744. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.282.18.1737 Kroenke, K., Spitzer, R. L., & Williams, J. B. W. (2001). The PHQ-9: Validity of a brief depression severity measure. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 16 (9), 606-613. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1525- 1497.2001.016009606.x Martin, A., Rief, W., Klaiberg, A., & Braehler, E. (2006). Validity of the brief patient health questionnaire mood scale (PHQ-9) in the general Yesavage, J. A., Brink, T. L., Rose, T. L., Lum, O., Huang, V., Adey, M., & Leirer, V. O. (1982-1983). Development and validation of a Geriatric Depression Screening Scale: A preliminary report. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 17 (1), 37–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-3956(82)90033-4 Lopez, M. N., Quan, N. M., & Carvajal, P. M. (2010). A psychometric study of the Geriatric Depression Scale. European Journal of Psychological Assessment, 26 (1), 55-60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000008 Cox, J. L., Holden, J. M., and Sagovsky, R. (1987). Detection of postnatal depression: Development of the 10-item Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. British Journal of Psychiatry, 150 , 782-786. population. General Hospital Psychiatry, 28 (1), 71-77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2005.07.003
Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS)
A 30-item self-report instrument was used to screen older adults for depressive symptoms.
Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale
A 10-item self-report scale was used to screen for postpartum depression. A 2019 study found the EPDS to be 93.8% effective (specificity) (Shoaee et al., 2019)
Clinical Diagnosis The DSM-5-TR (2022) provides criteria for assessing the frequency, severity, and remission status of major depressive disorder. The diagnostic criteria presented in the DSM-5- TR primarily focus on psychological symptoms rather than coping mechanisms and social influences. The diagnostic criteria are structured and organized so that a practitioner can identify the symptoms, determine the duration and length of time for symptoms, and arrive at a specific, numerical diagnostic code. This diagnostic code specifies the type and subtype of a disorder, its severity, and its frequency. The clinician can refer to the DSM-5-TR for further information about diagnostic codes. For a clinician to diagnose a major depressive episode, the client must report five or more of the symptoms described earlier and listed in Box 1 and also have one or both symptoms of depressed mood and loss of interest or pleasure. As previously stated, a diagnosis for a major depressive disorder must not include the presence of mania. It must not be due to the direct effects of a substance, such as drugs or alcohol, or a general medical condition (APA, 2022). The clinician must determine whether the client’s symptoms meet the criteria for a major depressive episode and whether the episode is single or recurrent. If full criteria for a major depressive episode are met, the clinician specifies the episode’s current severity and/or psychotic features. The clinical status refers to whether the symptoms are mild, moderate, or severe and whether they are in partial remission, full remission, or chronic. Depending on the individual, the cluster of depressive symptoms may also be presented with the following features (APA, 2022): • With anxious distress : At least two symptoms of anxiety are present on most days. • With mixed features : At least three manic/hypomanic symptoms are present on most days.
• With seasonal pattern : A regular temporal relationship exists between the onset of the depressive episodes and a particular time of year (e.g., winter). • With psychotic features : Hallucinations or delusions are present; they may be mood-congruent (i.e., have depressed themes) or may be mood-incongruent (i.e., the hallucinations or delusions do not involve depressive themes). • With catatonic features : Abnormal psychomotor movements, such as muscular rigidity, are present. • With melancholic features : A particularly severe form of symptom manifestation is present, especially lack of pleasure or interest, severe weight loss, psychomotor agitation or retardation, and insomnia. • With atypical features : These features include the ability to experience improved mood after a positive event, overeating, excessive sleeping, and sensitivity to interpersonal rejection. • With peripartum onset : The depression starts during pregnancy or occurs within four weeks of giving birth to a child. Prolonged grief disorder was added as a differential diagnosis for major depressive disorder prolonged grief disorder with DSM-5-TR . “Prolonged grief disorder is a persistent pervasive grief response that continues to cause clinically significant distress or impairment for more than 12 months after the death of someone close. It can be differentiated from a major depressive episode not only by the requirement for intense yearning or longing for, or preoccupation with, the deceased but also by the requirement that the other symptoms, such as emotional pain (e.g., anger, bitterness, sorrow), marked reduction in emotional experiences, feeling that life is meaningless, and difficulty reintegrating socially or feeling engaged in ongoing activities be judged to result from the
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Book Code: PCIL1525
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