opportunities include content addressing diabetes, ostomies, and orthopedic procedures such as total joint replacement (Kato & Siegmund, 2022; Marshall, 2020; Merakou et al., 2015).
Self-Assessment Quiz Question #4 Which of the following statements is true regarding teach-back? a. It is used to test the patient’s knowledge before educating the patient. b. Information is given in small sections and then verified with the patient. c. It is a strategy that is appropriate for all patients. d. Patients tell back the information word for word. There are limitations to using technology for patient teaching. Technology can be used to enhance patient care and education but should not replace in-person discussions and teaching. There are concerns when people use the Internet for “researching” health information, as there are many sources that are not cred- ible, as well as information that can be misinterpreted. Another limitation is that not all patients are willing and able to use tech- nology, so it is important for healthcare professionals to assess a patient’s willingness in advance. Barriers to using technology may include generational differences (such as elderly patients), lack of patient awareness, low health literacy, socioeconomic status, inadequate computer skills, and technical support challenges. Al- ternatives to technology must be available for patients who have barriers (Rozenblum & Bates, 2017). trained medical interpreters, who can be involved in person or via telephone or video. Using individuals to interpret who have not been trained as medical interpreters has not been approved for language assistance, as there may be errors with accurate transla- tions, bias, and privacy (AHRQ, 2020b). communicated with or what they need for healthcare can be det- rimental. Respectfully asking question ensures that the patient’s wishes are clear. Examples of questions include “How would you like me to address you?” “What should I know about you and any cultural beliefs that will help me care for you?” “What do you call your illness?” and “What do you think caused your illness?” (AHRQ, 2020b; Bass & Nagy, 2022; Schouten et al., 2020). Self-Assessment Quiz Question #5 Cultural competence is described as: a. Incorporating culture factors into patient care. b. Having knowledge of all cultures. c. Using approved language services. d. Asking patients questions about why they have beliefs. curs in a cycle, starting with the activation of the behavior, which may have an identifiable trigger. In the first phase, restless be - haviors such as pacing can be noted. Escalation then occurs, with examples of agitation, shouting, cursing, and related behaviors. The crisis phase is when violence occurs. Following a crisis, the phases of recovery, postcrisis depression, and stabilization hap- pen (McKnight, 2020). There are common de-escalation techniques that can be used when someone begins to escalate. If it is safe, moving to a private area away from the public is recommended. There should be an awareness of personal space, giving around two feet distance, which may also provide some safety. Exits should not be blocked, and if the person wants to leave, they can. The healthcare profes- sional should show empathy and not be judgmental, focusing on
Use of technology The use of technology has increased exponentially, particularly since the turn of the century. Communication through technology has grown, incorporating the use of text messaging, social media, websites, virtual meetings, and others. Technology has enabled more people to be reached virtually by breaking down barriers of distance, time, and location. This creates new avenues for pre- senting patient education and utilizing technology that can be advantageous. Technology has been seen in healthcare through telehealth, mobile health (including mobile apps), health informa- tion (such as electronic records), and wearable devices. Technol- ogy can help patients become empowered and more active in their health, which can improve patient outcomes (Kuwabara et al., 2020; Rozenblum & Bates, 2017). Evidence-Based Practice: More and more people are us- ing the Internet to find health-related information. One study showed that 71% of patients search for health information on- line (Stankova et al., 2020). Another study demonstrated that 69% of patients used the Internet as their first source for health information (Swoboda et al., 2018). Addressing language differences Patients who are not primarily English speaking, including those who use sign language, may not get the information and edu- cation that they need. Language assistance is required for ver- bal communication. Approved language assistance services in healthcare include professionals with confirmed proficiency and Cultural competency A culture incorporates many factors, including ethnicity, national- ity, customs, sexual orientation and identity, socioeconomic sta- tus, religion, values, and beliefs. Culture can influence health, in - cluding self-care and decision making. There are many examples of the influence of culture on healthcare and patient education. Some cultures believe that discussing a possible poor outcome may cause it to happen. Other cultures vary in who makes deci- sions for health based on gender or position in the family. Dietary, interpersonal, and religious beliefs and customs can also affect actions related to health and healthcare (AHRQ, 2020b). Cultural competence within healthcare is the ability of healthcare professionals to incorporate factors associated with culture into providing patient care. It is important for healthcare professionals to have a basic understanding of many cultures, but to also ask questions of their patients. Assuming how patients want to be De-escalating confrontations There are times in healthcare when emotions run high for patients and families. Even with effective communication and education, illness and other concerns can create a personal crisis. Distress, anger, grief, confusion, and other emotions can cause escalating reactions, which may be intensified with physical and behavioral illness. De-escalation is described as a combination of commu- nication, assessment, actions, and self-regulation to reduce agi- tation or aggression, while improving interpersonal relationships (Hallett & Dickens, 2017). When confrontations or behaviors be- come aggressive, healthcare professionals need to deescalate the situation. Escalation of behaviors can lead to assault, so earlier interventions are more effective. It is important for healthcare professionals to recognize behaviors and then provide interventions. Violence oc-
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