outcome measures have been discussed in this course. This website also provides information from research studies about the validity, reliability, and normative values for many of the instruments and tests listed on the website. ● American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons: Clinical Practice Guidelines https://www.aaos.org/guidelines The American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons provides clinical practice guidelines for a variety of conditions, Abbott, J. H., Robertson, M. C., Chapple, C., Pinto, D., Wright, A. A., Leon de la Barra, S., … MOA Trial team. (2013). Manual therapy, exercise therapy, or both, in addition to usual care, for osteoarthritis of the hip or knee: A randomized controlled trial. 1: clinical effectiveness. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage, 21 (4), 525-534. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. joca.2012.12.014 Ackerman, I. N., Bucknill, A., Page, R. S., Broughton, N. S., Roberts, C., Cavka, B., …Brand, C. A. (2015). The substantial personal burden experienced by younger people with hip or knee osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage, 23 (8), 1276-1284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. joca.2015.04.008 References Adams, D., Logerstedt, D. S., Hunter-Giordano, A., Axe, M. J., & Snyder-Mackler, L. (2012). Current concepts for anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: A criterion-based rehabilitation progression. The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy, 42 (7), 601-14. https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2012.3871 Alnahdi, A. H., Zeni, J. A., & Snyder-Mackler, L. (2012). Muscle impairments in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Sports Health, 4 (4), 284-92. https://doi. org/10.1177/1941738112445726 Alnahdi, A. H., Zeni, J. A., & Snyder-Mackler, L. (2014). Hip abductor strength reliability and association with physical function after unilateral total knee arthroplasty: A cross-sectional study. Physical Therapy, 94 (8), 1154-62. https://doi.org/10.2522/ptj.20130335 Altman, R., Asch, E., Bloch, D., Bole, G., Borenstein, D., Brandt, K., … Hochberg, M. (1986). Development of criteria for the classification and reporting of osteoarthritis. Classification of osteoarthritis of the knee. Diagnostic and Therapeutic Criteria Committee of the American Rheumatism Association. Arthritis and Rheumatism, 29 (8), 1039-1049. Anderson, D. E., & Madigan, M. L. (2014). Healthy older adults have insufficient hip range of motion and plantar flexor strength to walk like healthy young adults. Journal of Biomechanics, 47 (5), 1104-1109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2013.12.024 Atukorala, I., Makovey, J., Lawler, L., Messier, S. P., Bennell, K., & Hunter, D. J. (2016). Is There a Dose-Response Relationship Between Weight Loss and Symptom Improvement in Persons With Knee Osteoarthritis? Arthritis Care & Research, 68 (8), 1106-1114. https://doi.org/10.1002/ acr.22805. Barrios, J. A., Crossley, K. M., & Davis, I. S. (2010). Gait retraining to reduce the knee adduction moment through real-time visual feedback of dynamic knee alignment. Journal of Biomechanics, 43 (11), 2208-2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiomech.2010.03.040 Baum, T., Joseph, G. B., Karampinos, D. C., Jungmann, P. M., Link, T. M., & Bauer, J. S. (2013). Cartilage and meniscal T2 relaxation time as non-invasive biomarker for knee osteoarthritis and cartilage repair procedures. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage, 21 (10), 1474- 1484. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2013.07.012 Brosseau, L., Taki, J., Desjardins, B., Thevenot, O., Fransen, M., Wells, G. A., … McLean, L. (2017). The Ottawa panel clinical practice guidelines for the management of knee osteoarthritis. Part two: Strengthening exercise programs. Clinical Rehabilitation, 31 (5), 596-611. https://doi.org/10.1177/0269215517691084 Caldwell, L. K., Laubach, L. L., & Barrios, J. A. (2013). Effect of specific gait modifications on medial knee loading, metabolic cost and perception of task difficulty. Clinical Biomechanics, 28 (6), 649-654. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2013.05.012 Carbone, A., & Rodeo, S. (2016). Review of current understanding of post-traumatic osteoarthritis resulting from sports injuries. Journal of Orthopaedic Research. https://doi. org/10.1002/jor.23341. Cherian, J., Harrison, P., Benjamin, S., Bhave, A., Harwin, S., & Mont, M. (2015). Do the effects of transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation on knee osteoarthritis pain and function last? The Journal of Knee Surgery, 29 (6), 497-501. https://doi. org/10.1055/s-0035-1566735 Cherian, J. J., Bhave, A., Kapadia, B. H., Starr, R., McElroy, M. J., & Mont, M. A. (2015). Strength and functional improvement using pneumatic brace with extension assist for end-stage knee osteoarthritis: A prospective, randomized trial. The Journal of Arthroplasty, 30 (5), 747-753. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.arth.2014.11.036 Cherian, J. J., Kapadia, B. H., McElroy, M. J., Johnson, A. J., Bhave, A., Harwin, S. F., & Mont, M. A. (2016). Knee osteoarthritis: Does transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation work? Orthopedics, 39 (1), e180-e186. https://doi.org/10.3928/01477447-20151222-02 Chughtai, M., Bhave, A., Khan, S., Khlopas, A., Ali, O., Harwin, S., & Mont, M. (2016). Clinical outcomes of a pneumatic unloader brace for Kellgren–Lawrence grades 3 to 4 osteoarthritis: A minimum 1-year follow-up study. The Journal of Knee Surgery, 29 (8), 634-638. https://doi. org/10.1055/s-0036-1593616 Davison, M. J., Ioannidis, G., Maly, M. R., Adachi, J. D., & Beattie, K. A. (2016). Intermittent and constant pain and physical function or performance in men and women with knee osteoarthritis: Data from the osteoarthritis initiative. Clinical Rheumatology, 35 (2), 371-379. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10067-014-2810-0 de Zwart, A. H., van der Esch, M., Pijnappels, M. A. G. M., Hoozemans, M. J. M., van der Leeden, M., Roorda, L. D., … van Dieen, J. H. (2015). Falls associated with muscle strength in patients with knee osteoarthritis and self-reported knee instability. The Journal of Rheumatology, 42 (7), 1218-1223. https://doi.org/10.3899/jrheum.140517 Deshpande, B. R., Katz, J. N., Solomon, D. H., Yelin, E. H., Hunter, D. J., Messier, S. P., … Losina, E. (2016). Number of persons with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis in the US: Impact of race and ethnicity, age, sex, and obesity. Arthritis Care & Research, 68 (12), 1743-1750. https://doi.org/10.1002/acr.22897 Dobson, F., Hinman, R. S., Roos, E. M., Abbott, J. H., Stratford, P., Davis, A. M., … Bennell, K. L. (2013). OARSI recommended performance-based tests to assess physical function in people diagnosed with hip or knee osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage/OARS, Osteoarthritis Research Society, 21 (8), 1042-1052. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.joca.2013.05.002 Edwards, M. H., Parsons, C., Bruyere, O., Petit Dop, F., Chapurlat, R., Roemer, F. W., … Stone, M. D. (2016). High Kellgren-Lawrence grade and bone marrow lesions predict worsening rates of radiographic joint space narrowing; The SEKOIA study. The Journal of Rheumatology, 43 (3), 657-665. https://doi.org/10.3899/jrheum.150053 Elboim-Gabyzon, M., Rozen, N., & Laufer, Y. (2013). Does neuromuscular electrical stimulation enhance the effectiveness of an exercise programme in subjects with knee osteoarthritis? A randomized controlled trial. Clinical Rehabilitation, 27 (3), 246-257. https://doi. org/10.1177/0269215512456388 Fees, M., Decker, T., Snyder-Mackler, L., & Axe, M. J. (1998). Upper extremity weight-training modifications for the injured athlete. A clinical perspective. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 26 (5), 732-42. https://doi.org/10.1177/03635465980260052301 Felson, D. T., Zhang, Y., Anthony, J. M., Naimark, A., & Anderson, J. J. (1992). Weight loss reduces the risk for symptomatic knee osteoarthritis in women. The Framingham Study. Annals of Internal Medicine, 116 (7), 535-539. Ferreira, G. E., Robinson, C. C., Wiebusch, M., Viero, C. C. de M., da Rosa, L. H. T., & Silva, M. F. (2015). The effect of exercise therapy on knee adduction moment in individuals with knee osteoarthritis: A systematic review. Clinical Biomechanics, 30 (6), 521-527. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2015.03.028 Fitzgerald, G. K., Fritz, J. M., Childs, J. D., Brennan, G. P., Talisa, V., Gil, A. B., … Abbott, J. H. (2016). Exercise, manual therapy, and use of booster sessions in physical therapy for knee osteoarthritis: A multi-center, factorial randomized clinical trial. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage, 24 (8), 1340-1349. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2016.03.001
including nonoperative management of patients with knee OA. These guidelines are derived from current, high-quality research studies that have focused on topics such as weight loss, physical therapy, and self-management. The information in these guidelines may help physical therapists choose the most appropriate course of action for patients with knee OA, as well as understand the treatment options that may be provided by other healthcare providers, including orthopaedic surgeons. Fitzgerald, G. K., Piva, S. R., Irrgang, J. J., Bouzubar, F., & Starz, T. W. (2004). Quadriceps activation failure as a moderator of the relationship between quadriceps strength and physical function in individuals with knee osteoarthritis. Arthritis & Rheumatology, 51 (1), 40-48. Fransen, M., McConnell, S., Harmer, A. R., Van der Esch, M., Simic, M., & Bennell, K. L. (2015). Exercise for osteoarthritis of the knee: A Cochrane systematic review. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 49 (24), 1554-1557. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2015-095424 Freisinger, G., Schmitt, L., Wanamaker, A., Siston, R., & Chaudhari, A. (2016). Tibiofemoral osteoarthritis and varus–valgus laxity. The Journal of Knee Surgery. https://doi. org/10.1055/s-0036-1592149. Gunn, A. H., Schwartz, T. A., Arbeeva, L. S., Callahan, L. F., Golightly, Y., Goode, A., … Allen, K. D. (2017). Fear of movement and associated factors among adults with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis. Arthritis Care & Research. https://doi.org/10.1002/acr.23226 Harding, G. T., Dunbar, M. J., Hubley-Kozey, C. L., Stanish, W. D., & Astephen Wilson, J. L. (2016). Obesity is associated with higher absolute tibiofemoral contact and muscle forces during gait with and without knee osteoarthritis. Clinical Biomechanics, 31 , 79-86. https:// doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2015.09.017 Hernandez, H. J., McIntosh, V., Leland, A., & Harris-Love, M. O. (2015). Progressive resistance exercise with eccentric loading for the management of knee osteoarthritis. Frontiers in Medicine, 2 , 45. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2015.00045 Hunter, D. J., Beavers, D. P., Eckstein, F., Guermazi, A., Loeser, R. F., Nicklas, B. J., … Messier, S. P. (2015). The Intensive Diet and Exercise for Arthritis (IDEA) trial: 18-month radiographic and MRI outcomes. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage, 23 (7), 1090-1098. https://doi. org/10.1016/j.joca.2015.03.034 Jegu, A.-G., Pereira, B., Andant, N., & Coudeyre, E. (2014). Effect of eccentric isokinetic strengthening in the rehabilitation of patients with knee osteoarthritis: Isogo, a randomized trial. Trials, 15 (1), 106. https://doi.org/10.1186/1745-6215-15-106 Jevsevar, D., Brown, G., Jones, D., Matzkin, E., Manner, P., Mooar, P., … Bozic, K. (2013). Treatment of Osteoarthritis of the Knee (2nd edition). Jorge, R. T. B., Souza, M. C. de, Chiari, A., Jones, A., Fernandes, A. da R. C., Júnior, I. L., & Natour, J. (2015). Progressive resistance exercise in women with osteoarthritis of the knee: A randomized controlled trial. Clinical Rehabilitation, 29 (3), 234-243. https://doi. org/10.1177/0269215514540920 Katz, J. N., Brophy, R. H., Chaisson, C. E., de Chaves, L., Cole, B. J., Dahm, D. L., … Losina, E. (2013). Surgery versus physical therapy for a meniscal tear and osteoarthritis. New England Journal of Medicine, 368 (18), 1675-1684. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1301408 Kellgren, J. H., & Lawrence, J. S. (1957). Radiological assessment of osteo-arthrosis. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, 16 (4), 494-502. Khan, H. I., Aitken, D., Ding, C., Blizzard, L., Pelletier, J.-P., Martel-Pelletier, J., … Jones, G. (2016). Natural history and clinical significance of meniscal tears over 8 years in a midlife cohort. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 17 (1), 4. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-015-0862- 1 Knarr, B. A., Higginson, J. S., & Zeni, J. A. (2015). Change in knee contact force with simulated change in body weight. Computer Methods in Biomechanics and Biomedical Engineering, 1-4. https://doi.org/10.1080/10255842.2015.1018193 Kumar, D., Karampinos, D. C., MacLeod, T. D., Lin, W., Nardo, L., Li, X., … Souza, R. B. (2014). Quadriceps intramuscular fat fraction rather than muscle size is associated with knee osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage, 22 (2), 226-234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. joca.2013.12.005 Lankhorst, N. E., Damen, J., Oei, E. H., Verhaar, J. A. N., Kloppenburg, M., Bierma-Zeinstra, S. M. A., & van Middelkoop, M. (2016). Incidence, prevalence, natural course and prognosis of patellofemoral osteoarthritis: The Cohort Hip and Cohort Knee study. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2016.12.006 Lewek, M. D., Rudolph, K. S., & Snyder-Mackler, L. (2004). Quadriceps femoris muscle weakness and activation failure in patients with symptomatic knee osteoarthritis. Journal of Orthopaedic Research, 22 (1), 110-115. Lun, V., Marsh, A., Bray, R., Lindsay, D., & Wiley, P. (2015). Efficacy of hip strengthening exercises compared with leg strengthening exercises on knee pain, function, and quality of life in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 25 (6), 1. https://doi. org/10.1097/JSM.0000000000000170 Marmon, A. R., Pozzi, F., Alnahdi, A. H., & Zeni, J. A. (2013). The validity of plantarflexor strength measures obtained through hand-held dynamometry measurements of force. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy, 8 (6), 820-827. Mat, S., Tan, M. P., Kamaruzzaman, S. B., & Ng, C. T. (2015). Physical therapies for improving balance and reducing falls risk in osteoarthritis of the knee: A systematic review. Age and Ageing, 44 (1), 16-24. https://doi.org/10.1093/ageing/afu112 Messier, S. P., Gutekunst, D. J., Davis, C., & DeVita, P. (2005). Weight loss reduces knee-joint loads in overweight and obese older adults with knee osteoarthritis. Arthritis and Rheumatism, 52 (7), 2026-2032. https://doi.org/10.1002/art.21139 Messier, S. P., Mihalko, S. L., Legault, C., Miller, G. D., Nicklas, B. J., DeVita, P., … Loeser, R. F. (2013). Effects of intensive diet and exercise on knee joint loads, inflammation, and clinical outcomes among overweight and obese adults with knee osteoarthritis: the IDEA randomized clinical trial. JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 310 (12), 1263-1273. https://doi.org/10.1001/jama.2013.277669 Miyazaki, T., Wada, M., Kawahara, H., Sato, M., Baba, H., & Shimada, S. (2002). Dynamic load at baseline can predict radiographic disease progression in medial compartment knee osteoarthritis. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases, 61 (7), 617-622. Mizner, R. L., Petterson, S. C., Clements, K. E., Zeni, J. A., Irrgang, J. J., & Snyder-Mackler, L. (2011). Measuring functional improvement after total knee arthroplasty requires both performance-based and patient-report assessments: A longitudinal analysis of outcomes. Journal of Arthroplasty, 26 (5), 728-737. Morgan, T. K., Jensen, E., Lim, J., & Riggs, R. (2015). Image-guided hyaluronic acid injection and knee bracing significantly improve clinical outcomes for high-grade osteoarthritis. Sports Medicine – Open, 1 (1), 31. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40798-015-0029-5 Murata, K., Kanemura, N., Kokubun, T., Fujino, T., Morishita, Y., Onitsuka, K., … Takayanagi, K. (2017). Controlling joint instability delays the degeneration of articular cartilage in a rat model. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage, 25 (2), 297-308. https://doi. org/10.1016/jjoca.2016.10.011 Øiestad, B. E., Juhl, C. B., Eitzen, I., & Thorlund, J. B. (2015). Knee extensor muscle weakness is a risk factor for development of knee osteoarthritis. A systematic review and meta-analysis. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage, 23 (2), 171-177. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2014.10.008 Pinto, D., Robertson, M. C., Abbott, J. H., Hansen, P., Campbell, A. J., & MOA Trial Team. (2013). Manual therapy, exercise therapy, or both, in addition to usual care, for osteoarthritis of the hip or knee. 2: economic evaluation alongside a randomized controlled trial. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage, 21 (10), 1504-1513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joca.2013.06.014 Pozzi, F., Di Stasi, S., Zeni, J. A., & Barrios, J. A. (2017). Single-limb drop landing biomechanics in active individuals with and without a history of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: A total support analysis. Clinical Biomechanics, 43 , 28-33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. clinbiomech.2017.01.020
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