25
Concussion Management for Healthcare Professionals: Summary
Lobes of the Cerebrum • Frontal Lobe • Parietal Lobe
• Contrecoup : This type of force is common in car accidents, where the head is rapidly thrown forward then backward. The sudden acceleration and deceleration can cause the brain to move violently within the skull, resulting in a concussion SYMPTOMS • Headaches • Dizziness • Blurred vision • Issues with immediate and long-term memory • Problems with balance • Double vision • Problems with fine motor skills • Feeling like in a fog • Sensitivity to light • Sensitivity to noise The Effects on ADLs Patients can have daily limitations with post-concussive symptoms: • Impaired Vision : Difficulty driving, working on screens (computers, phones, etc.) • Possible Neurodegenerative Changes over Time : Trouble with balance and equilibrium leading to increased falls and decreased stability with walking and other gross motor tasks • Musculoskeletal Issues of the Head and Neck : Pain and difficulty with daily activities • Memory Issues : Leading to issues focusing and participating in occupational tasks • Issues with communication The Effects of Cumulative Concussions Patients who suffer more than one brain injury are at increased risk for PCS due to the cumulative effects of multiple concussions. Long-term effects of cumulative concussions include: • Longer recovery time from symptoms • Lasting changes of cognitive symptoms • Memory issues • Possibly lead to other neurodegenerative changes - can lead to brain diseases and dysfunctions:
• Temporal Lobe • Occipital Lobe • Limbic Lobe Skull Bones There are a total of 22 bones covering the brain: • Frontal
• 2x Temporal (has paired bones) • 2x Parietal (has paired bones)
• Occipital • Ethmoid • Sphenoid
• 2x Nasal (has paired bones) • 2x Lacrimal (has paired bones) • 2x Orbital (has paired bones) • Zygoma • Zygomatic Arch • 2x Platine (has paired bones) • Vomer • 2x Maxilla (has paired bones) • Mandible Meninges Meninges are membranes that protect the brain and the spinal cord: • Dura mater: Outermost layer • Arachnoid mater: Lines the dura mater • Pia mater: Lines the brain Cerebrospinal Fluid Completely surrounds and suspends the brain: • Acts as a cushion, diminishing the transmission of shocking forces • Sub dura mater: space under the dura mater between the arachnoid and the pia mater • A subdural hematoma is an abnormal collection of blood under the dura mater A subdural hematoma is one of the intracranial injuries associated with head trauma • A small bleed may resolve spontaneously, a larger bleed may increase the distance between the bridging veins and lead to an extensive amount of blood around the brain: ○ Can lead to herniation of the cerebral structures CONCUSSION CAUSES Forces • Direct or indirect : Hits to head caused by falls, car crashes, trauma, etc • Rotation : These occur when the head is twisted or rotated rapidly, such as in certain sports or physical altercations. The rotational movement can cause the brain to twist within the skull, leading to shearing of brain tissues and a concussion
○ Dementia ○ Alzheimers ○ Schizophrenia
• Inflammation (due to TAU protein accumulation) • Vision, balance/postural stability/vestibulocochlear effects
Powered by FlippingBook