FL Barber HIV-AIDS Ebook Continuing Education

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FLORIDA Barber Continuing Education

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What’s Inside

Chapter 1: HIV/AIDS: Protecting Your Clients and Yourself for Barbers, 2nd edition (Mandatory) 1 [2 CE Hours] This course fulfills the 2 hour HIV/AIDS requirement Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) are commonly recognized terms. However, while many have heard of these terms, the stigmatization

of HIV-positive individuals paired with commonly believed myths and misconceptions surrounding the HIV/AIDS epidemic can influence behaviors when working with HIV positive persons. Barbers must be comfortable working around all types of people, and misinformation can interfere with their ability to provide quality, non-discriminatory services to all clients. Final Examination Answer Sheet

©2024: All Rights Reserved. Materials may not be reproduced without the expressed written permission or consent of Colibri Healthcare, LLC. The materials presented in this course are meant to provide the consumer with general information on the topics covered. The information provided was prepared by professionals with practical knowledge in the areas covered. It is not meant to provide medical, legal or professional services advice. Colibri Healthcare, LLC recommends that you consult a medical, legal or professional services expert licensed in your state. Colibri Healthcare, LLC has made all reasonable efforts to ensure that all content provided in this course is accurate and up to date at the time of printing, but does not represent or warrant that it will apply to your situation or circumstances and assumes no liability from reliance on these materials. i BARBER CONTINUING EDUCATION Book Code: BBFL0224

What are the requirements for license renewal? License Expires Frequently Asked Questions

CE Hours Required

Mandatory Subjects

2 (All hours are allowed through home study)

Renewals are due on July 31 (even years)

2 hours of HIV/AIDS

Course Title

CE Hours

Price

HIV/AIDS: Protecting Your Clients and Yourself for Barbers, 2nd edition

$17.95

How do I complete this course and receive my certificate of completion? See the following page for step by step instructions to complete and receive your certificate. Are you a Florida board-approved provider? Colibri Healthcare, LLC has been approved by the Florida Barbers Board (Provider #0008051). Are my credit hours reported to the Florida board? Yes, your course will be processed the same day we receive it and electronically reported to the Department of Business and Professional Regulation within one business day. Is my information secure? Yes! We use SSL encryption, and we never share your information with third-parties. We are also rated A+ by the National Better Business Bureau. What if I still have questions? What are your business hours? No problem, we have several options for you to choose from! Online at EliteLearning.com/Barber you will see our robust FAQ section that answers many of your questions, simply click FAQs at the top of the page, e-mail us at office@elitelearning.com, or call us toll free at 1-866-344-0970, Monday - Friday 9:00 am - Always check your state’s board website to determine the number of hours required for renewal, mandatory topics (as these are subject to change), and the amount that may be completed through home-study. Also, make sure that you notify the board of any changes of address. It is important that your most current address is on file. Disclosures Resolution of conflict of interest Colibri Healthcare, LLC implemented mechanisms prior to the planning and implementation of the continuing education activity, to identify and resolve conflicts of interest for all individuals in a position to control content of the course activity. Sponsorship/commercial support and non-endorsement It is the policy of Colibri Healthcare, LLC not to accept commercial support. Furthermore, commercial interests are prohibited from distributing or providing access to this activity to learners. 6:00 pm, Saturday 10:00 am - 4:00 pm EST. Important information for licensees:

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Book Code: BBFL0224

BARBER CONTINUING EDUCATION

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iii

BARBER CONTINUING EDUCATION

Book Code: BBFL0224

Chapter 1: HIV/AIDS: Protecting Your Clients and Yourself for Barbers, 2nd edition 2 CE Hours

Release Date : March 15, 2023

Expiration Date : May 31, 2025

Learning objectives After completing this course, the learner will be able to: Define and compare HIV and AIDS. Describe how HIV is transmitted. Recognize popular misconceptions and stigma surrounding HIV/AIDS. Identify standard precautions that can be taken to prevent spreading HIV/AIDS within your workplace.

Recall rules and regulations regarding HIV/AIDS status disclosure relevant to professionals and their clients. Paraphrase protections afforded to HIV-positive barbers under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA).

INTRODUCTION

According to the National Institutes of Health, “HIV stigma and discrimination can pose complex barriers to prevention, testing, treatment, and support for people living with or at risk for HIV. ” Stigmatization makes many HIV positive persons unwilling to inform others of their status. This unwillingness can prevent them from seeking treatment, sustaining treatment programs, seeking support structures, and even informing sexual partners. HIV-positive individuals often remain silent out of fear of social isolation: judgment from their families, friends and other peers, as well as religious groups, coworkers, and even service providers. The effects of stigmatization prevent them from becoming better informed, seeking out information, and sharing important information with others – making it increasingly difficult to promote understanding and reduce discrimination. Learning about HIV/AIDS and recognizing commonly believed myths and misconceptions about the disease is important to professionals and the salon industry, as business is built upon customer relationships and the provision of quality and fair services to all customers. Acknowledging the stigma and arming themselves with facts about the HIV virus can assist professionals in working with all clients in the salon setting and recognizing and implementing safety and precautionary measures to keep themselves and their clients protected. This course outlines the need-to-know information surrounding HIV/AIDS to keep professionals and clients informed and protected in terms of identification, contraction, prevention, disclosure, and legal ramifications.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) are commonly recognized terms. However, while many have heard of these terms, the stigmatization of HIV-positive individuals paired with commonly believed myths and misconceptions surrounding the HIV/AIDS epidemic can influence behaviors when working with HIV positive persons . Barbers must be comfortable working around all types of people, and misinformation can interfere with their ability to provide quality, non- discriminatory services to all clients. Receiving an HIV-positive diagnosis can be devastating and hard to accept for anyone. Those who are best able to cope with the realities of the disease are those who are able to establish a strong support system within their families, friends, communities, and service providers. For anyone diagnosed with HIV, compassion, sensitivity, and fair treatment are greatly needed. Yet too often the stigma associated with the disease can stand in the way of ensuring that an HIV-positive person is treated fairly and with respect. Stigma and misunderstanding can also create situations in which unnecessary steps are taken and exorbitant costs are incurred when working with HIV- positive clients. Unnecessary precautions have an impact not only on the client’s comfort, but also on the bottom line for the salon.

MYTHS AND MISCONCEPTIONS

First recognizing AIDS as a new disease in 1981, and HIV as its cause in 1984, science has made great strides in research and trends that have changed the way we look at and work with HIV/AIDS. Although our knowledge of the disease has increased, approximately 1.2 million people were still living with HIV at the end of 2019 . In 2020, an estimated 30,635 new infections occurred in the United States. This number represents a decline after a period of relative stability. It is estimated that about 13% of those living with the disease remain

undiagnosed to date. While the numbers may be startling, they underscore the importance of obtaining and communicating factual information and prevention tips to slow the spread and progression of HIV/AIDS. Having accurate information is the key to understanding and preventing HIV transmission and working safely and respectfully with HIV-positive clients. The following are commonly believed myths and misconceptions paired with the true facts about HIV/AIDS.

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Myth #1 – There is a cure for HIV/AIDS. Despite advances in treatments, there is currently no cure readily available for HIV-positive individuals. There have been rare cases publicized through research findings and clinical trials in which extreme treatments have been thought to cure HIV. The most famous of these has been dubbed as the “Berlin Patient.” In these cases, treatment included a bone marrow transplant resulting in a new immune system that eradicated the HIV virus. To date, it appears that the patients’ new immune systems have remained HIV-free, yet more study is necessary to ensure that the bloodstream continues to remain free of any HIV genetic material throughout the duration of the patient’s life. Scientists continue to monitor these patients to determine if the disease was in fact cured, rather than simply sent into a sustained remission. Although such treatments show promise, they are expensive and carry great risk. Current treatments for HIV/AIDS offer a safer alternative for a normal lifespan. Fortunately, increased and ever evolving understanding of the virus and resulting illness has led to the development of medicines that are effectively treating the disease for those who take them regularly . These treatments can reduce the viral load (or amount of HIV in the blood) to the point that it is undetectable, or unable to be seen in laboratory tests. Maintaining an undetectable viral load helps prevent the progression of the virus and stops the development of AIDS and opportunistic infections. Research is still being done to identify new treatments and improve existing regimens to further ease the burden for HIV carriers and their health providers. Every day, more is being learned to identify new ways of preventing HIV infection. Even without a cure, people can live full, happy, and healthy lives despite their HIV-positive diagnosis. Myth #2 – HIV and AIDS are the same thing. HIV and AIDS are commonly mistaken as interchangeable terms for the same disease. However, in truth, they are distinct terms that are not transposable. HIV is a virus that attacks a person’s immune system. If left untreated, it will develop into AIDS. AIDS is an immunodeficiency syndrome . It is the third and most advanced stage of infection caused by HIV. Most people in the U.S. who are living with HIV and receiving treatment do not have AIDS and will never progress into the AIDS phase of the disease . HIV progresses into AIDS when a person’s immune system is diminished to the point of not being able to combat certain kinds of infections and cancers. To determine the stage of infection caused by HIV, a lab test is conducted to identify the number of CD4 cells a person has. These cells fight infection. A CD4-cell count below 200 in an HIV-infected person indicates an AIDS diagnosis. Without medication, it can take between two to 10 years or longer for an HIV-positive person to develop AIDS. A person with such a low CD4-cell count may have a high viral load.

Myth #3 – HIV diagnosis is a death sentence. Revolutions in medications and treatments make it possible for HIV carriers to live long, healthy lives. In the Western world, where resources are available for treatment, HIV has been downgraded from a fatal virus to a chronic, life-threatening illness (similar to some cancers, diabetes mellitus, and hypertension). The virus becomes life-threatening once it progresses to the third and most severe stage of HIV: AIDS. However, in many cases, individuals diagnosed with AIDS can be reverted to HIV status after starting anti-HIV drug “cocktails,” regaining their health and returning to a normal life. There are many treatments that can now help people with HIV, each attacking the virus in their own way . As a result, many HIV-positive people are living much longer and healthier lives than ever before. Medicines today can slow the growth of the virus or stop it from making copies of itself. These treatment therapies cannot fully eradicate the virus from the bloodstream but are able to keep the amount of virus in the blood low or undetectable. Clinical and research trials continue to bring insight into the virus and its treatments and the potential pathway to a cure. Today’s treatment and prevention interventions resulted from scientific advances funded through federal and private investments in basic, biomedical, behavioral, and social science research. All findings point to the fact that starting treatment for HIV early (as soon as possible after diagnosis) significantly improves the patient’s health and reduces the risk of illness and death, decreasing the risk of onward transmission by 96%. Myth #4 – You can contract HIV through tears, sweat, feces, and urine. HIV can only be contracted through specific bodily fluids. These include semen, vaginal fluid, rectal fluids, blood, and breast milk. A person can get infected from sexual contact with someone who is infected with HIV through vaginal, anal, or oral sex; however, unprotected sex with someone who is infected doesn’t mean a person will automatically contract the disease. Using a latex condom or other latex barrier greatly reduces the risk. Furthermore, HIV is not spread by hugging or massage, dry kissing, or daily contact with someone who has HIV. HIV can be transmitted from a mother to her child, either in the womb, during vaginal childbirth, or through breastfeeding. There are treatments today that can reduce the risk of this type of transmission, keeping the baby safe and virus free. They are most effective if started as soon as possible during the pregnancy. Even with treatment, breastfeeding is not recommended for HIV-positive mothers. Finally, people who inject drugs, hormones, steroids, or silicone can get HIV by sharing needles or syringes and other injection equipment. It is important that anytime a needle is to penetrates a person’s skin, it is a new needle. Keeping the penetration area clean and unexposed can greatly reduce the risk of infection.

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How is HIV Transmitted? OX √ √ Semen √ Pre-Seminal Fluid √ Vaginal Fluid √ Rectal Fluids √ Blood √ Breast Milk √ Tears √ Sweat √ Feces or Urine √ Hugging √ Dry Kissing √ Daily Contact HIV Can Be Transmitted Through: HIV Can NOT Be Transmitted Through: Myth #5 – You can tell someone has HIV by looking at them. It is true that as the HIV virus progresses and begins affecting the immune system, the disease can present with physical symptoms. Also, when a person is taking HIV medicines, there may be changes in body shape and appearance, including fat accumulation (increased deposits of fat in the abdomen, neck, shoulders, breasts, or face or fatty bumps on the body) and lipoatrophy (loss of fat, particularly in the face, legs, or arms). However, all of these symptoms can also be linked to many other conditions as well, so it is never possible to tell if someone has HIV just by looking at them. The HIV virus can actually live in the body asymptomatically for up to 10 years during the latency period . Yet, during this time, it is still possible to transmit the virus to others. This is why it is so important to use condoms correctly and every time. Doing so can reduce the risk of contracting or passing HIV by up to 85%.

In addition, thanks to new drug therapies, many people who are aware of their HIV-positive status are living symptom free and have no outward sign of carrying the virus. Medications and treatments can keep them at a healthy body weight and prevent them from progressing to symptomatic stages of HIV. As previously noted, many are able to maintain the status of undetectable, meaning that there are so few copies of the virus in their bloodstream, they can no longer be detected by a laboratory test . However, even if undetectable, there is still a possibility (though greatly diminished) of transmitting the disease. The only way to know for sure whether a person has HIV is for them to get tested. Knowing your status is important because it helps you make healthy decisions to prevent contracting or transmitting HIV. To find places near you that offer confidential HIV testing, visit https://gettested. cdc.gov/ or call 1-800-CDC-INFO (1-800-232-4636). You can also use a home testing kit, available for purchase in most pharmacies and online. Myth # 6 – Everyone who is HIV-positive will eventually develop AIDS. When people get HIV and don’t receive treatment, they will typically progress through three stages of disease, the last and most severe stage being AIDS. Yet, if properly treated, an HIV-positive person may never acquire AIDS. Medicine to treat HIV, known as antiretroviral therapy (ART), helps at all stages of the disease if taken the right way, every day. This treatment can slow or prevent progression from one stage to the next. It can also dramatically reduce the chance of transmitting HIV to someone else.

STAGES OF HIV INFECTION

HIV is a virus spread through certain body fluids. It attacks the body’s immune system, specifically the CD4 cells (a type of white blood cell), often called T cells . These special cells help the immune system fight off infections. Over time, if left untreated, HIV can destroy so many of these cells that the body can’t fight off infections and disease, allowing opportunistic infections or cancers to take advantage of a very weak immune system . While no safe and effective cure currently exists, with proper medical care, HIV can be controlled. Beginning in the 1980s with the drug AZT, ART therapy has developed to the point that it can dramatically prolong the lives of many people infected with HIV and lower their chance of infecting others. Today, someone diagnosed with HIV and treated can have a nearly normal life expectancy. Without ART treatments, however, HIV will continue to duplicate itself within the body, moving through the three stages of HIV infection. Stage 1: Acute HIV infection Within 2 to 4 weeks after infection with HIV, people may experience a flu-like illness, which may last for a few weeks. This is the body’s natural response to infection. During this time, the body produces an influx of white blood cells in an attempt to eradicate the virus. As the body is unable to eliminate the virus, it readjusts and proceeds into the second stage of the disease.

Stage 2: Clinical latency (HIV inactivity or dormancy) This period is sometimes called asymptomatic HIV infection or chronic HIV infection . During this phase, HIV is still active but reproduces at very low levels. People may not have any symptoms or get sick during this time. For people who aren’t taking medicine to treat HIV, this period can last a decade or longer, but some progress through this phase much faster. People who are taking medicine to treat HIV (ART) the right way, every day may be in this stage for several decades or throughout their lifespan. It’s important to remember that people can still transmit HIV to others during this phase, although people who are on ART and stay virally suppressed (having a very low level of virus in their blood) are much less likely to transmit HIV than those who are not virally suppressed. At the end of this phase, a person’s viral load starts to go up and the CD4 cell count begins to go down. As this happens, the person may begin to have symptoms as the virus levels increase in the body and the person moves into Stage 3.

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lymph glands, weakness, skin lesions, and weight loss. People are diagnosed with AIDS when their CD4 cell count drops below 200 cells/mm or if they develop certain opportunistic illnesses. People with AIDS can have a high viral load and be very infectious. More than 700,000 people in the United States with an AIDS diagnosis have died since its discovery, with 1,744 deaths in 2020, in spite of the advances in treatment. The following are risk factors that can affect anyone at any age and regardless of status . ● Having sex with someone without being 100% sure of their HIV status. Remember, 13% of people are unaware of their infection. ● Injecting drugs or sharing needles. This can include steroids, hormones, and insulin. ● Acquiring any sexually transmitted disease, hepatitis, or tuberculosis. HIV often travels with other infectious diseases, so if you have contracted another virus, there is a heightened chance that you could have also contracted HIV. ● Having sex with someone who has any of the above risk factors. Don’t forget, when you put yourself at risk, you put all of your future partners at risk as well. that, with each sexual or drug use encounter, they are placing themselves at heightened risk of contracting the virus. Furthermore, the different demographic, social, and economic factors of each distinct community can further contribute to the level of risk. These factors can include income, education, geographic region, or even prevalence of stigma and discrimination. 2019, the rate for males (21.0) was 5 times the rate for females (4.5). ● By HIV transmission category : The annual number of HIV infections in 2019, compared with 2015, decreased among males with transmission attributed to male-to-male sexual contact, but remained stable among all other transmission categories. In 2019, the largest percentages of HIV infections were attributed to male-to-male sexual contact (66% overall and 81% among males). In 2019, among females, the largest percentage of HIV infection was attributed to heterosexual contact (83%). Despite the level of risk based on ethnicity, gender, and lifestyle, everyone can take precautions to help reduce their risk and maintain an HIV-negative status. By learning about prevention strategies and standard precautions, we can reduce the prevalence of HIV/AIDS and lessen the devastation resulting from the HIV/AIDS epidemic.

Stage 3: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) AIDS is the most severe phase of HIV infection . People with AIDS have badly damaged immune systems, leading to an increasing number of severe illnesses, called opportunistic illnesses . Without treatment, people with AIDS typically survive about three years. Common symptoms of AIDS include chills, fever, sweats, swollen

WHO IS AT RISK?

Anyone who engages in behaviors that place them in contact with blood, semen, rectal fluids, vaginal fluids, and breast milk may be at risk for getting HIV. Even if you are in a long-term, monogamous (one partner) relationship, it is important to confirm your HIV status to be sure that you and your partner remain healthy and HIV-negative. According to the CDC, everyone aged 13 to 64 should include HIV testing at least once as part of their health care routine, even if they do not feel they are at risk.

High-risk groups In the U.S., HIV is most commonly spread through sexual intercourse, be it anal or vaginal, and by sharing drug-use equipment (or works) with someone who is carrying the virus . While these risks are the same for everyone, HIV continues to devastate some risk groups more than others. Certain populations are at greater risk because there are higher rates of HIV infection within their communities or population groups. This means Key points: HIV incidence ● The estimated number of new HIV infections in 2019 was 34,800, showing a decline of 8% from 2015, after a period of general stability. The rate was 12.6 (per 100,000 people) . ● By age group: The annual number of HIV infections in 2019, compared with 2015, decreased among persons aged 13–24 and persons aged 45–54, but remained stable among all other age groups. In 2019, the rate was highest for persons aged 25-34 (30.1), followed by the rate for persons aged 35–44 (16.5). ● By race/ethnicity : The annual number of HIV infections in 2019, compared with 2015, decreased among persons of multiple races, but remained stable for all other races/ethnicities. In 2019, the highest rate was for Blacks/African Americans (42.1), followed by Hispanic/Latinos (21.7), and persons of multiple races (18.4). ● By sex at birth : The annual number of new HIV infections in 2019, as compared with 2015, decreased among males, but remained stable among females. In

PREVENTION AND PRECAUTIONS

National HIV/AIDS Strategy The federal government’s National HIV/AIDS Strategy (2022‑2025) “provides stakeholders across the nation with a roadmap to accelerate efforts to end the HIV epidemic

in the United States by 2030.” At the same time, the strategy aims to support people with HIV and reduce illness and death related to the virus.

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The Strategy acknowledges that HIV is still an epidemic and major health issue in the US, despite the fact that most people can live long and healthy lives once diagnosed and treated . It recognizes that everyone across the nation deserves access to prevention tools and education and immediate access to treatment and care. It will require a collaborative national response to address the HIV/AIDS epidemic and achieve the strategic goals provided. This includes all health and human service providers, including barbers. Fulfilling this national strategy starts with each individual and should begin with you and your salon. To date, there are no documented cases of HIV transmission through blood contact that have occurred in a salon setting . Therefore, while transmission of HIV in the salon is highly unlikely (probably because of strict regulations in sanitization and operations), it is still essential that salon professionals stay up to date on HIV/ AIDS-specific prevention techniques and protocols to stop transmission. Seasoned barbers know that the presence of blood during various cosmetic procedures is not that unusual. For example, it is not unheard of to draw blood during a manicure or pedicure, close shave, or facial procedure. When/if this happens, if the blood is infected with the HIV virus and comes in contact with a cut or an open wound, there is potential to transmit the virus. It is important to note that, while risk of exposure due to direct splashes with body fluids is minimal, there is increased danger if infected blood enters the body via a scratch or open wound. Nail clippers, acrylic nail drills, cuticle scissors, callus paring blades, and reusable razors and blades all have the potential to transmit infectious diseases if they are not properly sterilized. Following proper sanitation rules and standard precautions will greatly decrease the potential of HIV transmission and protect both professionals and clients from transmitting the disease. Carefully handle all sharp instruments and tools, taking caution during use and disposal. Sanitize or dispose of any tools/materials that may have come into contact with blood or other bodily fluids, and properly clean and sanitize the surrounding workstation. Avoid any practices that can increase the probability of contact with blood or bodily fluids (e.g., sharing razors, toothbrushes, or any equipment that could come in contact with the virus). Inconsistent application of standard precautions can give the appearance of stigmatization and can lead to the reporting of perceived discriminatory practices. It is important that standard precautions are employed universally with every client, not just those who have disclosed HIV-positive status. For everyone’s safety and health, human service providers must keep up to date on current research and findings surrounding transmission and stay knowledgeable regarding misconceptions around transmission and assumptions about patient lifestyle and risk. It is also helpful to have a plan in place for post- exposure management should direct contact with known HIV infected blood take place.

The strategy has set the ambitious targets of a 75% reduction in new HIV infections by 2025 and a 90% reduction in new infections by 2030. The strategy focuses on four major goals: ● Preventing new HIV infections; ● Improving HIV-related health outcomes of people with HIV; ● Reducing HIV-related disparities and health inequities; and ● Achieving integrated, coordinated efforts that address the HIV epidemic among all partners and stakeholders. Protecting yourself in the workplace: HIV and salons Salons have come under intense scrutiny in the past decade because of various outbreaks of infectious diseases that were traced to improperly cleaned equipment. State licensing boards have set strict rules for salon procedures and the exact steps for proper sanitation and sterilization of equipment to make sure disease transmission cannot happen in salons. It is important that all licensed barbers are familiar with and consistently practice these safety rules and guidelines. Among the most important is the simplest: Workers must wash their hands frequently, between clients and sometimes more often, when there is a chance of any kind of disease transmission. Not only will this (and other mandated safety precautions) significantly reduce the likelihood of transmitting HIV/AIDS; it will also provide protection against the transmission of staph infection and other harmful bacteria and germs that are statistically much more likely to be transmitted within the salon setting. Only 58 cases of confirmed occupational transmission of HIV to healthcare workers have been documented in the United States . (While extremely rare, in a very few cases, HIV transmission has occurred in a household setting due to unprotected contact between infected blood and broken skin or mucous membranes.) Prevention and standard precautions To prevent transmission of HIV in the workplace, barbers, cosmetologists, and other health and human service providers must assume that blood and other body fluids from all clients are potentially infectious. To stay safe, when working with any client, standard precautions must be taken to avoid contact with bodily fluids. The following table provides standard precautions that should be taken when providing cosmetic services: Standard Precautions for Preventing HIV Transmission If there is a possibility of contact with blood or other bodily fluids (such as urine, feces, or vomit) that could potentially contain visible blood, always wear gloves and/or other protective equipment. For both clients and salon professionals: Cover cuts, sores, or breaks in the skin with bandages. Anytime contact is made with blood or other bodily fluids, immediately wash hands and/or other body parts that have been in contact.

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The impact of HIV/AIDS on the workplace continues to grow as the population of those most affected by the disease (those aged 20-44) make up more than 50% of the 158 million people employed in the United States. It is unlawful to prohibit a person living with HIV/AIDS from participating in services offered to others, and it is illegal to deny them a benefit because of their HIV status . Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973, Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, and the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) protect those living with HIV/AIDS and their friends and family from this type of discrimination Timeline of Protections

It is important that while taking precautions against the spreading and/or contraction of HIV/AIDS, licensed professionals in no way infringe upon a person’s (be it a client, co-worker, or self) civil rights. the United States is afforded equal opportunity in employment under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA), despite disabilities (including positive HIV status) . The ADA maintains that people with HIV, whether or not it is symptomatic, are physically impaired to the point that it substantially limits the life activities and are therefore covered under the Act. In this, the ADA protects against discrimination against HIV-positive persons and specifically those who are denied an occupational license or admission to a school on the basis of their HIV status. Title II of the ADA prohibits both state licensing agencies and occupational training schools (including barber and cosmetology schools) from discriminating against individuals with HIV or AIDS. A licensing entity, trade school, or training program cannot exclude a person with HIV/AIDS because of their status. A person infected with HIV may be excluded, however, from activities or services of a private or public entity if there is a health concern in which they pose a significant risk to the health or safety of others or a “direct threat” that cannot be eliminated or reduced to an acceptable level by reasonable modification. Evidence of the direct threat must be based on an individualized assessment of the person with the disability and based on current medical evidence. However, transmission of HIV will rarely raise a legitimate direct threat issue as HIV cannot be transmitted by casual contact. Therefore, circumstances do not exist for the transmission of HIV in a school or workplace setting. If a licensing entity or trade school requires an applicant to provide a doctor’s certification that he or she is free of infectious, communicable, or contagious disease, this must exclude diseases, such as HIV, not transmitted through casual contact or usual practice of the occupation for which a license is required. Furthermore, the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) mandates privacy and confidentiality restrictions to further protect those living with the disease. This Act maintains the confidentiality of health information and provides a person the right not only to review but also to make corrections to personal medical records. confidentiality. Workplace discrimination based on HIV status is illegal, and there are regulations in place to assist anyone experiencing discrimination after disclosing status. Even though it is not required to disclose status in the workplace, those living with HIV/AIDS do have the responsibility to disclose their status to healthcare providers (such as doctors, clinical workers, and dentists) and sex or needle-sharing partners under penalty of law. However, they are not obligated to disclose their status to all service providers, and therefore may keep this information private when securing services. Again, all services should be provided using standard precautions, making disclosure from clients irrelevant to safety and prevention.

KNOW YOUR RIGHTS: PROTECTIONS

Rehabilitation Act of 1973 – Section 504

No qualified individual with a disability shall, by reason of his or her disability, be excluded from the participation in, be denied the benefits of, or be subjected to discrimination under any program or activity receiving federal financial assistance or under any program or activity conducted by any executive agency or by the United States Postal Service. No qualified individual with a disability shall, by reason of such disability, be excluded from participation in or be denied the benefits of services, programs, or activities of a public entity or be subjected to discrimination by any such entity. Mandates privacy and confidentiality restrictions to protect those living with the disease. This Act maintains the confidentiality of health information and provides a person the right not only to review but also to make corrections to personal medical records.

Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 – Title II

Health Insurance

Portability and Accountability Act of 1996

The Rehabilitation Act of 1973 ensures that every person is given equal opportunity to participate in and receive benefits from any program or activity that receives federal funding, and every person in

HIV and the right to obtain occupational training and state licensing Service providers are not required to disclose personal

HIV status in the workplace, as this is a personal choice that can have a positive or negative impact . Disclosing to co-workers can be of benefit in cultivating a support system among colleagues, or it can unnecessarily create stigma, causing coworkers to behave differently. When making this decision, it is important to carefully consider which individuals to tell. Best practice would be to have a specific plan for disclosure that takes into consideration who to inform, how to inform them, and expectations for third-party disclosure. Many employers offer an Employee Assistance Program (EAP), which will help employees handle disclosure at work and navigate personal issues that may affect performance, health, or well-being. Information shared with EAPs is protected by

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Conclusion While tremendous progress has been made, we have yet to conquer the HIV/AIDS epidemic. More than 700,000 people with HIV have died in the U.S., with an estimated 18,489 people with HIV dying (from any cause) in the U.S. and its dependent territories in 2020. We must each play our part in increasing prevention efforts in order to save lives and improve the quality of life for those living with HIV. Despite the advances in treatment and therapies, people of the world still risk contracting and transmitting Baton Rouge General. (2021, July 28). What is viral load and why does it matter? Retrieved on March 10, 2023, from https://brgeneral.org/news-blog/2021/july/what-is-viral-load-and-why-does- it-matter-/ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019, September 5). HIV and occupational exposure. Retrieved on March 11, 2023, from https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/workplace/healthcareworkers.html Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022, June 30). About HIV. Retrieved on March 10, 2023, from https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/whatishiv.html Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022, June 21). HIV basics: Basic statistics. Retrieved on March 10, 2023, from https://www.cdc.gov/hiv/basics/statistics.html Florida Health [Florida Department of Health]. (2023, January 11). HIV/AIDS. Retrieved on March 12, 2023, from http://www.floridahealth.gov/diseases-and-conditions/aids/index.html#:~:text=The%20 HIV%20diagnosis%20rate%20per,2018%20to%2029.2%20in%202019 Harris, R. (2019, March 5). Bone marrow transplant renders second patient free of HIV. NPR. Retrieved on March 10, 2023, from https://www.npr.org/sections/health- shots/2019/03/05/700361887/bone-marrow-transplant-renders-second-patient-free-of-HIV HIV.gov. (2017, November 10). Civil rights. Retrieved on March 12, 2023, from https://www.hiv.gov/ hiv-basics/living-well-with-hiv/your-legal-rights/civil-rights/ HIV.gov. (2022, June 16). HIV testing locations. Retrieved on March 10, 2023, from https://www.hiv. gov/hiv-basics/hiv-testing/learn-about-hiv-testing/where-to-get-tested/ References HIV.gov. (2022, August 29). National HIV/AIDS strategy (2022‒2025). Retrieved on March 11, 2023, from https://www.hiv.gov/federal-response/national-hiv-aids-strategy/national-hiv-aids- strategy-2022-2025/ HIV.gov. (2022, October 27). U.S. statistics. Retrieved on March 11, 2023, from https://www.hiv.gov/ hiv-basics/overview/data-and-trends/statistics/ HIV.gov. (2023, March 6). Who should get tested? Retrieved on March 10, 2023, from https://www. hiv.gov/hiv-basics/hiv-testing/learn-about-hiv-testing/who-should-get-tested/ HIV.gov. (2023, January 13). What are HIV and AIDS? Retrieved on March 12, 2023, from https:// www.hiv.gov/hiv-basics/overview/about-hiv-and-aids/what-are-hiv-and-aids/ KFF [Kaiser Family Foundation]. (2011, May 13). Early HIV treatment can reduce transmission risk by 96%, study results show. Retrieved on March 10, 2023, from https://www.kff.org/news-summary/ early-hiv-treatment-can-reduce-transmission-risk-by-96-study-results-show/ KFF. (2021). The HIV/AIDS epidemic in the United States: The basics. Retrieved on March 10, 2023, from https://www.kff.org/hivaids/fact-sheet/the-hivaids-epidemic-in-the-united-states-the-basics/

HIV. To conquer the disease and enter the next era of HIV prevention, we must be informed and consistent in our prevention and education efforts. At the same time, we must keep in mind that, although this is a serious disease, it is also a preventable disease, and the extra care that we take in our lives and in our salons can be the difference between life and death – not only for our clients, but also for ourselves. KFF. (2022). The global HIV/AIDS epidemic. Retrieved on March 12, 2022, from https://www.kff.org/ global-health-policy/fact-sheet/the-global-hivaids-epidemic/ Mayo Clinic. (2022, July 29). HIV/AIDS. Retrieved on March 12, 2023, from https://www.mayoclinic. org/diseases-conditions/hiv-aids/symptoms-causes/syc-20373524 MedicalNewsToday. (2018, November 9). What is an HIV viral load? Retrieved on March 10, 2023, from https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/323851 MedlinePlus [National Library of Medicine]. (2022, August 22). CD4 lymphocyte count. Retrieved on March 10, 2023, from https://medlineplus.gov/lab-tests/cd4-lymphocyte-count/ National Institutes of Health. (n.d.). Office of NIH History & Stetten Museum: In their own words… NIH researchers recall the early years of AIDS. Retrieved on March 10, 2023, from https://history.nih. gov/display/history/discovery+of+hiv National Institutes of Health. (2018, November 26). National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: Antiretroviral drug discovery and development. Retrieved on March 13, 2023, from https://www.niaid.nih.gov/diseases-conditions/antiretroviral-drug-development National Institutes of Health. (2018, November 29). National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases: Condom use for preventing HIV infection. Retrieved on March 10, 2023, from https:// www.niaid.nih.gov/diseases-conditions/condom-use U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. (2023, January 25). Labor force statistics from the current population survey. Retrieved on March 14, 2023, from https://www.bls.gov/cps/cpsaat11b.htm U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. (2019, August 8). HIV: Frequently asked questions. Retrieved on March 10, 2023, from https://www.hiv.va.gov/patient/faqs/transmission-of-undetectable-virus.asp U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. (2022). HIV. Retrieved on March 12, 2023, from https://www.hiv. va.gov/patient/index.asp U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2020, August 7). Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Retrieved on March 12, 2023, from https://www.fda.gov/drugs/information-drug-class/human- immunodeficiency-virus-hiv Watson, S. (2022). Antiretroviral HIV drugs: Side effects and adherence . Healthline. Retrieved on March 10, 2023, from https://healthline.com/health/hiv-aids/antiretroviral-drugs-side-effects- adherence West, M. (2021, July 28). Do people consider having HIV or AIDS to be a disability? Retrieved on March 24, 2023, from https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/is-hiv-aids-a-disability#at-work

HIV/AIDS: PROTECTING YOUR CLIENTS AND YOURSELF FOR BARBERS, 2ND EDITION Final Examination Questions Select the best answer for each question and mark your answers on the Final Examination Answer Sheet found on page 12, or complete your test online at EliteLearning.com/Book

1. Increased and ever evolving understanding of the virus and resulting illness has led to the development of medicines that are effectively treating the disease for those who take them regularly. a. True. b. False. 2. All findings point to the fact that starting treatment for HIV early (as soon as possible after diagnosis) significantly improves the patient’s health, reduces the risk of illness and death, and decreases the risk of onward transmission by 96%. a. True. b. False. 3. AIDS is the fifth and most severe phase of HIV infection. a. True. b. False. 4. To prevent transmission of HIV in the workplace, barbers, cosmetologists, and other health and human service providers must assume that blood and other body fluids from all patients are potentially infectious. a. True. b. False. 5. Service providers are required to disclose personal HIV status in the workplace. a. True. b. False.

6. Over time, if left untreated, HIV can destroy so many CD4 cells that the body can’t fight off infections and disease, allowing opportunistic infections or cancers to take advantage of a very weak immune system.

a. True. b. False.

7. The estimated number of new HIV infections in the U.S. in 2019 was 34,800, showing an increase when compared with 2015. a. True. b. False. 8. HIV is no longer considered an epidemic and major health issue in the U.S. a. True. b. False. 9. In the U.S., HIV is most commonly spread through sexual intercourse, be it anal or vaginal, and by sharing drug-use equipment (or works) with someone who is carrying the virus.

a. True. b. False.

10. Most people in the U.S. who are living with HIV and receiving treatment do not have AIDS and will never progress into the AIDS phase of the disease.

a. True. b. False.

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NOTES

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NOTES

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