Hypnosis Hypnosis is a noninvasive therapeutic technique where clinicians make suggestions that are designed to relax and focus them. In a recent study, Del Casale et al. (2015) proved that hypnosis has the ability to alter the perception of pain. These authors reviewed functional neuroimaging studies that looked at pain perception under hypnosis. While changes were seen in all areas of the brain and pain network, the anterior cingulate Cognitive behavioral therapy Working with mental health professionals such as psychologists and psychiatrists is an option for those with severe anxiety and phobias. CBT is one technique that is used and is supported in the literature. The mechanism behind CBT is changing a negative or harmful thinking pattern. Thinking is the cognitive part, and the clients actions are the behavior part (Ma, 2017). CBT is a psychotherapeutic approach that encourages the client Conclusion Pain is often mysterious and often misunderstood. Pain is challenging and offers no simple solutions. Clients with the same diagnoses will present differently and need a customized intervention approach. The healing process starts with attempts to compassionately understand all the factors that affect pain and the ways in which pain disrupts the client’s quality of life. Effective pain management requires a thorough understanding of pain neurophysiology, specific diagnoses, and symptoms. The journey of pain management concludes with identifying evidence-based, individualized, and collaborative treatments Resources Organizations ● American Academy of Pain Management A nonprofit association for pain physicians. See Patient Center for helpful links such as Get the Facts on Pain, Patient Education, and Position Statements on such topics as ethics and medication use. www.painmed.org/PatientCenter/Main.aspx ● American Pain Society The mission of the society is to bring together a multidisciplinary community to “increase the knowledge of pain and transform public policy and clinical practice to reduce pain-related suffering.” They provide continuing education services and advocate to improve the recognition and treatment of pain. www.americanpainsociety.org ● American Society of Pain Educators A nonprofit professional organization focused on the education and training of healthcare professionals to become certified pain educators (CPEs). Pain educators include multiple healthcare professionals (including occupational therapy practitioners) who provide pain education to clients, staff, families, and communities. www.paineducators.org/ ● International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) A professional forum promoting the study of pain. Resources include pain terminology, FACES Pain Scale, and links to pain journals (including Pain, the official journal of IASP.) www.iasp-pain.org/ ● National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Chronic Pain Information Page Presents an overview of pain topics and provides useful links to related publications and various organizations. References Acello, G. (2000). Meeting JCAHO standards for pain control. Nursing Ethics, 30 (3), 52-54. Al-Harthy, M., Ohrbach, R., Michelotti, A., & List, T. (2016). The effect of culture on pain sensitivity. Journal of Oral Rehabilitation, 43 (2), 81-88. doi:10.1111/joor.12346. Alonso-Blanco, C., Fernández-de-Las-Peñas, C., de-la-Llave-Rincón, A. I., Zarco-Moreno, P., Galán-del-Río, F., & Svensson, P. (2012). Characteristics of referred muscle pain to the head from active trigger points in women with myofascial temporomandibular pain and fibromyalgia syndrome. The Journal of Headache and Pain, 13 (8), 625-637. Altuğ, F., Ünal, A., Kilavuz, G., Kavlak, E., Çitişli, V., & Cavlak, U. (2016). Investigation of the relationship between kinesiophobia, physical activity level and quality of life in patients with
cortex was fundamental in modulating pain perception. There is some evidence to support the use of hypnosis with clients who experience chronic pain. Studies have been completed on pain associated with cancer, low back pain, and arthritis, and each has demonstrated a reduction in chronic pain symptoms (Pierce & Kristevski, 2016). to identify negative thoughts, stop negative thoughts, practice using positive thoughts, and develop healthy thinking to help break the pain cycle (Ma, 2017). In a systematic review of the literature, CBT is found to prevent pain from becoming chronic, to decrease the number of days absent from work, and to reduce the intensity of the pain when provided in both individual and group formats (Castelnuovo et al., 2016). that enable healthcare professionals to be more effective in treating pain. While individuals have the right to adequate pain relief, the decision to implement an individual client pain management plan is discretionary for each hospital, clinic, and health professional. However, the importance and practicality of ongoing communication and care of the client throughout the rehabilitation process is paramount. Taking the time and making the effort to incorporate such a plan can bring rewards by developing trust and lasting lifetime relationships with clients and their families. www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Chronic-Pain- Information-Page ● Neuro Orthopaedic Institute Founded by David Butler more than 20 years ago, Neuro Orthopaedic Institute (NOI) Australasia organizes seminars worldwide in which highly qualified instructors offer multidisciplinary audiences a biopsychosocial approach to patient management, integrating neuroscience, neurodynamics, and manual therapy. http://noijam.com/ about-noi/ ● Pain Connection A nonprofit organization dedicated to empowering people with chronic pain. Provides live conference call support groups. www.painconnection.org ● Reflex Sympathetic Dystrophy Syndrome Association (RSDSA) Focuses specifically on CRPS/RSD. Raises funding for research. Links to support groups around the country. www.rsds.org Books and treatment guides ● Caudill, M. (2016). Managing Pain Before It Manages You (4th ed.). New York, NY: Guilford Press. Updated edition with new research and strategies including mind-body medicine for pain management. Includes smartphone app resources. ● Turk, D. C., & Winter, F. (2006). The Pain Survival Guide: How to Reclaim Your Life . Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. Ten-step program to improve coping skills. ● Roberts, C. (2013). Checklist for Personal Values. www.selfcounseling.com/help/personalsuccess/ personalvalues.html. chronic low back pain. Journal of Back & Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation, 29 (3), 527-531. doi:10.3233/BMR-150653. American Pain Society Quality of Care Committee. (1995). Quality improvement guidelines for the treatment of acute pain and cancer pain. JAMA, 274 (23), 1874-1880. Anandacoomarasamy, A., Fransen, M., & March, L. (2009). Obesity and the musculoskeletal system. Current Opinion in Rheumatology, 21 (1), 71-77. Andrews, N. E., Strong, J., & Meredith, P. J. (2016). The relationship between approach to activity engagement, specific aspects of physical function, and pain duration in chronic pain. The Clinical Journal of Pain, 32 (1), 20-31. doi:10.1097/AJP.0000000000000226.
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