HEALTH ENHANCEMENT Advocate for policies that enhance access to information and services for improving overall well-being, considering individual physical, economic, social, spiritual, emotional and other needs. EATING FOR WELL-BEING Support personalized, flexible eating based on hunger, satiety, nutritional needs and pleasure rather than enforcing externally regulated eating plans for weight control. RESPECTFUL CARE
Recognize and confront biases, working towards ending weight discrimination, stigma and bias. Provide information and services with sensitivity to the impact of socio-economic status, race, gender, sexual orientation, age and other identities on weight stigma. LIFE-ENHANCING MOVEMENT Promote physical activities that are enjoyable and accessible to people of all sizes, abilities and interests, empowering them to engage in movement as they choose (ASDAH, 2020).
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
Food and Drug Administration. (FDA). (2015a). Public notification: Jimpness Beauty Fat Loss capsules contain hidden drug ingredients. https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/ResourcesForYou/ Consumers/BuyingUsingMedicineSafely/MedicationHealthFraud/ucm373976.htm Food and Drug Administration (FDA). (2015b). Public notification: Super Slim contains hidden drug ingredients. https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/ResourcesForYou/Consumers/ BuyingUsingMedicineSafely/MedicationHealthFraud/ucm376065.htm Food and Drug Administration (FDA). (2015). Public notification: Diet Master contains hidden drug ingredients. https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/ResourcesForYou/Consumers/ BuyingUsingMedicineSafely/MedicationHealthFraud/ucm376068.htm Gersch, C., Heimgartner, N. M., Rebar, C. R., & Willis, L. M. (Eds.). (2017). Medical-surgical nursing made incredibly easy! (4th ed.). Wolters Kluwer. Graber, E (2021). Eating disorders are on the rise. American Society for Nutrition. https:// nutrition.org/eating-disorders-are-on-the-rise/ Hamilton, G., Culler, L., & Elenback, R. (2018). Anorexia nervosa—highest mortality rate of any mental disorder: Why? https://www.eatingdisorderhope.com/information/anorexia/ anorexia-nervosa-highest-mortality-rate-of-any-mental-disorder-why Henry Ford Health System. (2019). Bariatric surgery eligibility guidelines. https://www. henryford.com/services/weight-loss/bariatric-surgery/eligibility Jebeile, H., Kelly, A. S., O’Malley, G., & Baur, L. A. (2022). Obesity in children and adolescents: epidemiology, causes, assessment, and management. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology, 10(5), 351–365. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2213-8587(22)00047-x Keski-Rahkonen, A. (2021). Epidemiology of binge eating disorder. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 34(6). https://doi.org/10.1097/yco.0000000000000750 Kim, D., Hou, W., Wang, F., & Arcan, C. (2019). Factors affecting obesity and waist circumference among US adults. https://www.cdc.gov/pcd/issues/2019/18_0220.htm Koutek, J., Kocourkova, J., & Dudova, I. (2016). Suicidal behavior and self-harm in girls with eating disorders. Neuropsychiatric Disease Treatmenthttps://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S103015 Lyness, D. (2019). Eating disorders. R https://kidshealth.org/en/teens/eat-disorder.html Malcore, P. (2016). Body image issues: The teen male edition. https://www.rawhide.org/ blog/infographics/body-image-issues/?gclid=CJ6tj-vugs4CFcpahgodAGYKDA Mayo Clinic. (2016). Guide to types of weight-loss surgery. https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests- procedures/bariatric-surgery/in-depth/weight-loss-surgery/ART-20045334?p=1 Mayo Clinic. (2017). Gastric bypass surgery: Who is it for? https://www.mayoclinic.org/ healthy-lifestyle/weight-loss/in-depth/gastric-bypass-surgery/art-20046318 Mayo Clinic. (2018a). Binge eating disorder. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/statistics/ eating-disorders.shtml Mayo Clinic. (2018b). Hypothyroidism (underactive thyroid). https://www.mayoclinic.org/ diseases-conditions/hypothyroidism/symptoms-causes/syc-20350284 Mayo Clinic. (2018c). Anorexia nervosa. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ anorexia-nervosa/diagnosis-treatment/drc-20353597 Mayo Clinic. (2018d). Bulimia nervosa. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ bulimia/symptoms-causes/syc-20353615 Mayo Clinic. (2018e). Hyponatremia. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ hyponatremia/symptoms-causes/syc-20373711 Mayo Clinic. (2018f). Binge-eating disorder. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ binge-eating-disorder/symptoms-causes/syc-20353627 Mayo Clinic. (2018g). Childhood obesity. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/ childhood-obesity/symptoms-causes/syc-20354827 Mayo Clinic. (2019). Bariatric surgery. https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/bariatric- surgery/about/pac-20394258 Mehler, P. S., & Andersen, A. E. (Eds.). (2017). Eating disorders: A guide to medical care and complications (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. Mehler, P. S. (2017a). General endocrinology. In P. S. Mehler & A. E. Andersen (Eds.), Eating disorders: A guide to medical care and complications (pp. 173–180). Johns Hopkins University Press. Mehler, P. S. (2017b). Gastrointestinal complications. In P. S. Mehler & A. E. Andersen (Eds.), Eating disorders: A guide to medical care and complications (pp. 126–142). Johns Hopkins University Press. National Institute of Mental Health. (n.d.; retrieved 8/11/23). Eating disorders: Overview. https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/eating-disorders/index.shtml National Eating Disorders Association. (2016). What are eating disorders? https://www. nationaleatingdisorders.org/sites/default/files/ResourceHandouts/GeneralStatistics.pdf National Eating Disorders Association. (2018). Risk factors. https://www. nationaleatingdisorders.org/risk-factors National Eating Disorders Collaboration. (2019). Obesity & eating disorders. https://www. nedc.com.au/eating-disorders/eating-disorders-explained/obesity-and-eating-disorders/ Obesity Action Coalition. (2018). What is obesity treatment? Medical weight management. https://www.obesityaction.org/obesity-treatments/what-is-obesity-treatment/medical- weight-management/ Pagoto, S. (2012). The 10 biggest weight loss mistakes you can make. https://www. psychologytoday.com/us/blog/shrink/201207/the-10-biggest-weight-loss-mistakes-you-can- make Pandita, A., Sharma, D., Pandita, D., Pawar, S., Tariq, M., & Kaul, A. (2016). Childhood obesity: Prevention is better than cure. Diabetes Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy, 9, 83–89. https://doi.org/10.2147/DMSO.S09783 Psychology Today. (2018). Anorexia nervosa. https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/ conditions/anorexia-nervosa Rebar, C. R., Heimgartner, N. M., & Gersch, C. J. (Eds.). (2019). Pathophysiology made incredibly easy! (6th ed.). Wolters Kluwer. Sachs, K., Mehler, P. S., & Krantz, M. (2017). Cardiac abnormalities and their management. In P. S. Mehler & A. E. Andersen (Eds.). Eating Disorders: A guide to medical care and complications (pp. 143–154). Johns Hopkins University Press. Salam, R. A., Padhani, Z. A., Shaikh, A. Y., Hoodbhoy, Z., Jeelani, S. M., Lassi, Z. S., & Bhutta, Z. A. (2020). Effects of Lifestyle Modification Interventions to Prevent and Manage Child and adolescent Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients, 12(8), 2208. https:// doi.org/10.3390/nu12082208 Smith, K. (2018). Eating disorders and suicide: 6 signs of suicidal thinking. https://www. psycom.net/eating-disorders-suicide Stanford Healthcare. (2018). How to prevent obesity. https://stanfordhealthcare.org/medical- conditions/healthy-living/obesity/prevention.html Staycer, N. (2017). Co-occurring borderline personality disorder and eating disorders. https://www.eatingdisorderhope.com/treatment-for-eating-disorders/co-occurring-dual- diagnosis/trauma-ptsd/co-occurring-borderline-personality-disorder-and-eating-disorders Thomas, C. P. (2018). Metabolic alkalosis. https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/243160- overview Tracy, N. (2016). Eating disorder statistics. https://www.healthyplace.com/eating-disorders/ eating-disorders-overview/eating-disorder-statistics/ U. S. National Library of Medicine ClinicalTrials.gov. (2019). Estrogen replacement in anorexia nervosa. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03172533
Eating disorders and obesity affect a significant number of Americans as well as persons throughout the world. Prevention of these problems and early recognition and treatment are imperative. Much of prevention depends on changing the way society views the size and shape of the human body. Unrealistic portrayals of extremely thin women and muscular men in film and in the printed media may set up corresponding unrealistic expectations of what one’s own body should look like. Just as important is the need to change the way Americans view what is, and what is not, a proper diet. Portion size, the amount of fruits and vegetables, and the amounts of fat and calories are all issues that require education. A healthy diet, the proper amount of exercise, and a healthy sense of self all contribute to body image, appropriate weight, and maximal health. Genetic factors, culture, family dynamics, and physical and mental health all contribute to an individual’s state of health. These issues also contribute to the risk for eating disorders, overweight, and obesity. There is no single answer to the question of what definitively causes eating disorders nor is there one answer as to why one person becomes obese and another does not. Like all health issues, the interrelationship between mind and body influences the state of health and wellness. Researchers are currently investigating a multitude of factors regarding prevention, cause, and treatment of eating disorders and obesity. There are no quick fixes, despite products that advertise themselves as such. Healthcare professionals must include education regarding the dangers of weight loss products that contain potentially harmful ingredients as part of their client/family instruction. They must also teach clients and families about the dangers of websites that promote and even encourage behaviors that contribute to the development of eating disorders. References ASDAH. (2020). The Health at Every Size® (HAES®) Approach. ASDAH. https://asdah.org/ health-at-every-size-haes-approach/ American Association of Anorexia Nervosa and Associated Disorders. (ANAD). (2019). Eating disorder statistics. https://anad.org/education-and-awareness/about-eating- disorders/eating-disorders-statistics/ American College of Cardiology. (2017). New ACC/AHA high blood pressure guidelines lower definition of hypertension. https://www.acc.org/latest-in-cardiology/ articles/2017/11/08/11/47/mon-5pm-bp-guideline-aha-2017 American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). (DSM-5). American Psychiatric Publishing. Andersen, A. E. (2017a). Males with eating disorders. In P. S. Mehler & A. E. Andersen (Eds.) Eating disorders: A guide to medical care and complications (pp. 240–265). CBT-E. (2022). A Description of CBT-E. CBT-E. https://www.cbte.co/what-is-cbte/a- description-of-cbt-e/ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2018a). Overweight & obesity. https:// www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/adult.html Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2018b). Childhood obesity facts. https:// www.cdc.gov/obesity/data/childhood.html Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2018c). Adult obesity causes & consequences. https://www.cdc.gov/obesity/adult/causes.html Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2018d). Healthy weight: Finding a balance. https://www.cdc.gov/healthyweight/calories/index.html Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2018f). Childhood obesity facts. https:// www.cdc.gov/healthyschools/obesity/facts.htm Comerford, K. C., & Durkin, M. T. (Eds.). Nursing 2019 drug handbook. Wolters Kluwer. Eating Disorder Hope. (2018a). Bulimia nervosa: Causes, symptoms, signs & treatment help. https://www.eatingdisorderhope.com/information/bulimia Eating Disorder Hope. (2018b). What is bulimia? https://www.eatingdisorderhope.com/ information/bulimia Eating Disorder Hope. (2018c). Bone density loss from eating disorders. https://www. eatingdisorderhope.com/information/eating-disorder/osteoporosis-bone-density-loss Eating Disorder Hope. (2018d). Refeeding patients with anorexia nervosa: What does research show? https://www.eatingdisorderhope.com/information/anorexia/refeeding- patients-with-anorexia-nervosa-what-does-research-show Eating Recovery Center. (2018). Bulimia: Causes. https://www.eatingrecoverycenter.com/ conditions/bulimia/causes
EliteLearning.com/Psychology
Book Code: PYMA2024
Page 142
Powered by FlippingBook