Healthcare-Associated Infections _ ______________________________________________________________
RISK FACTORS FOR HEALTHCARE-ASSOCIATED INFECTIONS
Infection
Patient-Related Factors
Iatrogenic Factors
Urinary tract infection Older age
Use of catheter to measure output Disconnection of catheter from drainage tube Duration of catheterization Retrograde flow of urine from drainage bag
Female gender Diabetes mellitus Renal insufficiency Other site of infection Urethral stent
Surgical site infection
Nutritional status History of smoking History of alcohol use disorder Obesity Diabetes Hypovolemia Poor tissue perfusion Compromised immune system Pre-existing infection (local or other site) Anesthesia score Nonviable tissue in wound
Foreign material (including drains and sutures) Skin antisepsis Duration of operation Length of time sterile tray left open Intraoperative contamination Duration of preoperative hospital stay Hypothermia during operation
Duration of surgical scrub Antimicrobial prophylaxis Preoperative preparation (wash/shave) Surgical technique
Hematoma Dead space Wound classification
Central line-associated bloodstream infection
Severity of illness Burns or surgical wounds Compromised immune system Nutritional status
Heavy colonization on skin at site of insertion Location in internal jugular or femoral vein Length of time in place Contamination of catheter hub Type of infusate Total parenteral nutrition Location of insertion
Ventilator-associated pneumonia
Older age Severity of illness Chronic pulmonary disease Head trauma Elevated gastric pH Upper abdominal or thoracic surgery
Reintubation Supine position Aspiration of gastric contents Nasogastric tube Sedation Duration of mechanical ventilation
Hospital-acquired pneumonia (not associated with a ventilator)
Older age Chronic pulmonary disease Surgery ASA class 2 or higher Functional dependence Congestive heart failure History of tobacco use
Duration of operation Emergency surgery Surgical site Sedation Enteral nutrition
Clostridioides difficile - associated diarrhea
Age Severity of illness Compromised immune system Gastrointestinal surgery or manipulation Debilitation Length of stay
Antibiotic use Nasogastric intubation
ASA = American Society of Anesthesiologists. Source: [22; 39; 78; 138; 139; 140; 141; 142; 143; 144]
Table 7
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