● Primary Radiation : X-ray beam that exits the tubehead and is directed at the patient to produce radiographs (also known as the primary beam or useful beam ). ● Radiation : Energy emitted and propagated through space in the form of waves or particles and transferred to matter. ● Radiation Biology : Study of the effects of ionizing radiation on living tissues. ● Radiation Weighting Factor : Factor used for the purposes of radiation protection to account for differences in biologic effectiveness between different types of radiation. ● Radioactive Disintegration : Process by which the nucleus spontaneously emits particles and energy in an effort to attain stability. ● Radioactivity : Rate of decay or disintegration of radioactive material. ● Radiology : Branch of medical science that deals with the use of radiant energy in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. ● Radionuclides : Nuclei that undergo radioactive decay and emit radiation. ● Radiosensitivity : Susceptibility or sensitivity of cells, tissues, and organs to the effects of ionizing radiation. Resources ● American Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology The American Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology (AAOMR) is the professional association committed to ethical, evidence-based, and high-quality oral and maxillofacial diagnostic services to the referred public. The AAOMR sponsors a scientific journal, publishes a newsletter, The American Dental Association provides information for dental professionals and patients on radiation exposure and radiation safety requirements, as well as a guide to patient selection for dental radiographs and limiting radiation exposure. http://www.ada.org ● American Dental Association, U.S. Public Health Service, and U.S. Food and Drug Administration : D ental Radiographic Examinations: Recommendations for Patient Selection and Limiting Radiation Exposure Along with a thorough clinical examination, this guideline is a resource for dental practitioners to optimize patient care, minimize the total diagnostic radiation burden, and responsibly allocate healthcare resources. http://www.ada.org/sections/professionalResources/pdfs/ Dental_Radiographic_Examinations_2012.pdf ● Health Physics Society The Health Physics Society is a scientific organization of professionals who specialize in radiation safety. The Society’s mission is to support its members in the practice of their profession and to promote excellence in the science and practice of radiation safety. The Society’s website provides a factsheet that could prove helpful in answering patient questions about x-rays. http://hps.org/publicinformation/ate/faqs/ dentalpatientissuesqa.html ● International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements The International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements has established international standards for radiation units and measurements. It works to develop and References Alden, Andrew. Map of Natural Radioactivity in the United States. ThoughtCo. August 27, 2020. https://Thoughtco.com/map-of-natural- radioactivity-in-the-us-3961098 American Cancer Society. (n.d.). Radiation exposure and cancer . Retrieved from http://www. cancer.org/cancer/cancercauses/othercarcinogens/medicaltreatments/radiation-exposure-and- cancer Amican Dental Association. (2016). Oral health topics: X-rays . Retrieved from http://www. ada.org/en/member-center/oral-health-topics/x- rays. and issues guidelines. http://www.aaomr.org ● American Dental Association American Dental Association. X-Rays / Radiographs. Last Update August 13, 2019. https:// www.ada.org/resources/research/science-and- research-institute/oral-health-topics/x-rays American Nuclear Society. (2016). Radiation dose calculator . Retrieved from http://www.ans. org/pi/resources/dosechart/msv.php.
● Relative Biologic Effectiveness (RBE) : Factor used to compare the biologic effects of absorbed doses of different types of ionizing radiation in a particular tissue or organ. ● Secondary Radiation : Scatter radiation produced as a result of the primary beam interaction with matter. ● Sensor : Solid-state detector that is used to capture a radiographic image. ● Stochastic Effects : Probability of a biologic response to radiation as a function of dose; no threshold dose. ● Storage Phosphor Plate : Another term for photostimulable phosphor plate receptor. ● Terrestrial Radiation : Radiation emitted from environmental sources – such as radioactive nuclides in the soil, radon, and radionuclides ingested or inhaled into the body. ● Therapeutic Radiation : Radiation used to treat disease, particularly certain types of cancer; often involving high doses of radiation delivered according to a specific dose plan. ● Threshold Dose : Dose of radiation at which a biologic response first occurs. promulgate internationally accepted recommendations on radiation quantities and units, terminology, measurement procedures, and reference data for the safe and efficient application of ionizing radiation to medical diagnosis and therapy, radiation science and technology, and radiation protection of individuals and populations. http://icru.org ● International Commission on Radiological Protection The International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) works to help prevent cancer and other diseases and effects associated with exposure to ionizing radiation. The ICRP has developed, maintained, and elaborated the International System of Radiological Protection used worldwide as a common basis for radiological standards, legislation, guidelines, programs, and practice. The ICRP has published reports on all aspects of radiological protection. http://www.icrp.org ● National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements The National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP) formulates and widely disseminates information, guidance, and recommendations on radiation protection and measurements that represent the consensus of leading scientific thinking. Its mission includes facilitating and stimulating cooperation among organizations concerned with scientific and related aspects of radiation protection and measurements. The NCRP publishes reports that cover a broad range of topics in radiation protection and measurement. http://www.ncrponline.org ● National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements Recommendations on Radiation Protection in Dentistry The NCRP Report No. 145: Radiation Protection in Dentistry is a publication specific to dentistry that provides radiation guidance for dental professionals regarding the use of x-rays in dental practice, including advice on shielding design for dental x-ray facilities. It remains the NCRP’s most up-to-date
publication on dental radiation protection. http://www.ncrppublications.org/Reports/145
American Thyroid Association. Nuclear Radiation and the Thyroid. February 4, 2019. https:// www.thyroid.org/nuclear-radiation-thyroid Augusta University Dental College of Georgia. Patient Services. Radiation Use Policy. December 21, 2018. https://www.augusta.edu/dentalmedicine/patientservices/policies/ radiation.php Barton Marc. Wilhelm Rontgen and the First X-Ray. Past Medical History. April 11, 2019. https://www.pastmedcialhistory.co.uk/wilhelm- rontgen-and-the-first-x-ray Benn Douglas K and Vig Peter S. Estimation of x-ray radiation related cancers in US dental offices: Is it worth the risk? Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology. Vol. 132. No. 5. November 2021. https://www.sciencedirect.com>science>article>pii
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