Conclusion Oral healthcare practitioners regularly prescribe antibiotics either to prevent an infection prophylactically or to manage an existing oral or dental infection therapeutically. It is imperative that all dental practitioners review the current guidelines and evidence to ensure selection of the right drug at the right time and at the right dose, for the right patient and the right procedure.
Most importantly, the antibiotic that has the best chance of working is the one the patient actually takes; in other words, it is important to set the patient up for success by selecting the most appropriate and most affordable antibiotic with an administration schedule that the patient will be able to manage.
Resources Helpful Websites to Enhance Further Learning ● The American Dental Association (ADA)
America, and the American Academy of Pediatrics. Website : http://www.pids.org ● http://SafeFetus.com/ SafeFetus is a website set up for pregnant mothers and their physicians and pharmacists in order to protect the baby, whether during pregnancy or during lactation, from any harmful unwanted effects of maternal medication (whether prescribed or over the counter). The website also provides information on maternal exposures, whether to physical agents or infectious agents or diseases, and how they may affect the unborn child. SafeFetus.com is maintained by a fully qualified team of physicians and pharmacists who work continually to update the site, adding new drugs that are emerging in the markets, with the aim of producing a fully comprehensive worldwide database. All information is presented in an unbiased manner and is extracted from well- The MotheRisk Program (“Treating the mother – Protecting the unborn”) at the Hospital for Sick Children is affiliated with the University of Toronto and provides up-to-date information for mothers and professionals in regard to issues around medications, pregnancy, and lactation. MotheRisk counselors talk to hundreds of women and their healthcare providers each day, offering guidance, support, and peace of mind, as well as supporting research in this field. Website : http://www.motherisk.org In addition to electronic resources, the reader is also directed to more traditional textbooks that focus specifically on orofacial pain, diagnosis, and treatment: ● D. N. Gilbert et al., 2021, The Sanford Guide to Antimicrobial Therapy (51st ed.), (ISBN: 978-1-944-27218-0) ● J. AE. Bennett, R. Doli, & M. J. Blaser, 2019, Mandell, Douglas and Bennett’s Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases , (9th ed.), (ISBN 978-0-323-48255-4) documented and respectable sources. Website : http://www.safefetus.com ● The University of Toronto Hospital for Sick Children: MotheRisk Program ● Johns Hopkins Hospital, K. Kleinman, l. McDaniel, & M. Molloy, 2021, The Harriet Lane Handbook , 22nd Edition, (ISBN: 978-0-323-67407-2) ● G. G. Briggs, C. V. Towers, & A. B. Forinash, 2021. Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation: A Reference Guide to Fetal and Neonatal Risk (12th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins (ISBN: 978-1-975-16237-5). miscarriage and malformation: A register based nationwide cohort study. PLOS ONE, 8 (1), e53327. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0053327 Asensio Sánchez, T., Dávila, I., Moreno, E., Laffond, E., Macías, E., Ruiz, A., & Lorente, F. (2008). Anaphylaxis due to metronidazole with positive skin prick test. Journal of Investigational Allergology and Clinical Immunology, 18( 2), 138-139. Baddour, L. M., Epstein, A. E., Erickson, C. C., Knight, B. P., Levison, M. E., Lockhart, P. B., … Taubert, K. A. (2011). A summary of the update on cardiovascular implantable electronic device infections and their management: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Journal of the American Dental Association, 142 (2), 159-165. Bahl, R., Sandhu, S., Singh, K., Sahai, N., & Gupta, M (2014). Odontogenic infections: Microbiology and management. Contemporary Clinical Dentistry, 5(3 ), 307-11. Berney, P., & Francioli, P. (1990). Successful prophylaxis of experimental streptococcal endocarditis with single-dose amoxicillin administered after bacterial challenge. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 161 (2), 281-285. Bignardi, G.E. (1998). Risk factors for Clostridium difficile infection. Journal of Hospital Infection, 40 (1), 1-15. Bretz, W. A. (2012). Low-dose doxycycline plus additional therapies may lower systemic inflammation in postmenopausal women with periodontitis. Journal of Evidence-Based Dental Practice, 12 (3), 67-68. Brucker, M. C., & King, T. L. (2017). The 2015 US Food and Drug Administration Pregnancy and Lactation Labeling Rule. Journal of Midwifery and Womens Health, 62 (3), 308-316. Buonavoglia, A., Leone, P., Solimando, A.G., Fasano, R., Malerba, E., Prete, M., Corrente, M., Prati, C., Vacca, A., & Racanelli, V. (2021). Antibiotics or No Antibiotics, That Is the Question: An Update on Efficient and Effective Use of Antibiotics in Dental Practice. Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland), 10 (5), 550.
The Oral Health Topics section on ADA.org is intended to provide dentists with clinically relevant, evidence-based science behind the issues that may affect their practice. Refer to the Oral Health Topics for current scientific reviews of subjects that relate to oral health, from amalgam separators and antibiotic prophylaxis to xerostomia and X-rays. Website : http://www.ada.org ● The Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) The Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) represents physicians, scientists, and other healthcare professionals who specialize in infectious diseases. IDSA’s purpose is to improve the health of individuals, communities, and society by promoting excellence in patient care, education, research, public health, and prevention relating to infectious diseases. Website : http://www.idsociety.org ● The International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID) The International Society for Infectious Diseases (ISID) is committed to improving the care of patients with infectious diseases, the training of clinicians and researchers in infectious diseases and microbiology, and the control of infectious diseases around the world. The Society recognizes that infectious diseases cross all national and regional boundaries and that effective long-term solutions require international scientific exchange and cooperation. The Society and its members are dedicated to developing partnerships and to finding solutions to the problem of infectious diseases across the globe. Website : http://www.isid.org ● The Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society (PIDS) The Pediatric Infectious Diseases Society (PIDS) is the world’s largest organization of professionals dedicated to the treatment, control, and eradication of infectious diseases affecting children. Membership is made up of physicians, doctoral-level scientists, and others who have trained or are in training in infectious diseases or related disciplines, and who are identified with the discipline of pediatric infectious diseases or related disciplines through clinical practice, research, teaching, and/or administration activities. PIDS works closely with many professional organizations that share its goals, including the European Society for Pediatric Infectious Diseases, the Society for Pediatric Infectious Diseases in Latin America, the Asian Society for Pediatric Infectious Diseases, the Infectious Diseases Society of Aabenhus, R., Jensen, J. U., Jørgensen, K. J., Hróbjartsson, A., & Bjerrum, L. (2014). Biomarkers as point-of-care tests to guide prescription of antibiotics in patients with acute respiratory infections in primary care. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2014 (11), CD010130. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010130.pub2 References Abbott Laboratories. (n.d.a). BIAXIN ® Filmtab® (clarithromycin tablets, USP), BIAXIN® XL Filmtab® (clarithromycin extended-release tablets), BIAXIN® granules (clarithromycin for oral suspension, USP) . Retrieved from http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/ 2012/050662s044s050,50698s026s030,050775s015s019lbl.pdf Abbott Laboratories. (n.d.b). Eryped 200 (erythromycin ethylsuccinate) suspension, Eryped 400 (erythromycin ethylsuccinate) suspension, Eryped drops (erythromycin ethylsuccinate) suspension . Retrieved from http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/ label/2011/050207s064lbl.pdf American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Drugs. (2001). Transfer of drugs and other chemicals into human milk. Pediatrics, 108 (3), 776-789. American Dental Association. (2021a). Oral Health Topics: Antibiotic Prophylaxis Prior to Dental Procedures . Retrieved from: https://www.ada.org/en/member-center/oral-health- topics/antibiotic-prophylaxis. American Dental Association. (2021b). Oral Health Topics: Antibiotic Stewardship . Retrieved from: https://www.ada.org/en/member- center/oral-health-topics/antibiotic-stewardship. American Dental Association and American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons. (2003). Antibiotic prophylaxis for dental patients with total joint replacements. Journal of the American Dental Association, 134 (7), 895-899. Andersen, J. T., Petersen, M., Jimenez-Solem, E., Broedbaek, K., Andersen, N. L., Torp- Pedersen, C., … Poulsen, H. E. (2013). Clarithromycin in early pregnancy and the risk of
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