alcohol), and the use of saliva substitutes and oral lubricants. Hypersalivation can result from many factors and should be treated according to the underlying cause. For oral allergic Resources Helpful websites and literature to enhance further learning: American Dental Association The Oral Health Topics section on ADA.org is intended to provide dentists with clinically relevant, evidence-based science behind the issues that may affect their practice. Refer to the Oral Health Topics for current scientific reviews of subjects that relate to oral health, from amalgam separators and antibiotic prophylaxis to xerostomia and X-rays. Website: http://www.ada.org/en/member-center/oral-health- topics The University of Toronto Hospital for Sick Children: MotheRisk Program The MotheRisk Program (“Treating the mother – Protecting the unborn”) at the Hospital for Sick Children is affiliated with the University of Toronto and provides up-to-date information for mothers and professionals in regard to issues around medications, pregnancy, and lactation. MotheRisk counselors talk to hundreds of women and their healthcare providers each day, providing guidance, support, and peace of mind, as well as While specifically targeted to the general public, this website does offer a few pearls for any practitioner and may also help with patient discussions through an understanding of what they read. Website: https://www.webmd.com/oral-health/guide/oral-side- effects-of-medications#1 Abidullah, M., Kiran, G., Gaddikeri, K., Raghoji, S., & Ravishankar T, S. (2014). Leukoplakia – Review of a potentially malignant disorder. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, 8 (8), ZE01-ZE04.doi:10.7860/JCDR/2014/10214.4677. Agrawal, A. A. (2015). Gingival enlargements: Differential diagnosis and review of literature. World Journal of Clinical Cases, 3 (9), 779-788. doi:10.12998/wjcc.v3.i9.779. Aimetti, M., Romano, F., Marsico, A., & Navone, R. (2008). Non-surgical periodontal treatment of cyclosporin A-induced gingival overgrowth: Immunohistochemical results. Oral Disease, 14 (3), 244-250. supporting research in this field. Website: http://www.motherisk.org WebMD References American Academy of Oral Medicine. (2015). Dry mouth. Retrieved from http://www.aaom. com/index.php? option=com_content&view=article&id=124:dry-mouth&catid=22:patient- condition-information&Itemid=120 American Dental Association. (n.d.). Fluoride and infant formula FAQ. Retrieved from http:// www.ada.org/en/public-programs/advocating- for-the-public/fluoride-and-fluoridation/ recent-fluoridation-issues/infant-formula-and-fluoridated-water/fluoride-and-infant-formula-faq American Dental Association. (2016). Xerostomia (dry mouth). Retrieved from http://www. ada.org/en/member-center/oral-health- topics/xerostomia Aminoshariae, A., Donaldson, M., Horan, M., Mackey, S.A., Kulild, J.C., & Baur, D. (2022). Emerging antiresorptive medications and their potential implications for dental surgeries. Journal of the American Dental Association, 153 (7), 649-658. doi: 10.1016/j. adaj.2021.12.008. Epub 2022 Mar 8. PMID: 35277242. Aral, C. A., Dilber, E., Aral, K., Sarica, Y., & Sivrikoz, O. N. (2015). Management of cyclosporine and nifedipine-induced gingival hyperplasia. Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research, 9 (12), ZD12-ZD15. doi:10.7860/JCDR/2015/14737.6974. Balakumar, P., Kavitha, M., & Nanditha, S. (2015). Cardiovascular drugs-induced oral toxicities: A murky area to be revisited and illuminated. Pharmacological Research, 102, 81-89. Bansal H. (2022). Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw: An update. National journal of maxillofacial surgery , 13 (1), 5–10. Beltrán-Aguilar, E. D., Barker, L., & Dye, B. A. (2010). National Center for Health Statistics Data Brief No. 53: Chronic fluoride toxicity: Prevalence and severity of dental fluorosis in the United States, 1999-2004. Department of Health and Human Services. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db53.pdf Bertassoni, L. E., Martin, J. M., Torno, V., Vieira, S., Rached, R. N., & Mazur, R. F. (2008). In-office dental bleaching and enamel microabrasion for fluorosis treatment. The Journal of Clinical Pediatric Dentistry, 32 (3), 185-187. Billings, M., Dye, B. A., Iafolla, T., Baer, A. N., Grisius, M., & Alevizos, I. (2016). Significance and implications of patient-reported xerostomia in Sjogren’s syndrome: Findings from the National Institutes of Health Cohort. EBioMedicine, 12, 270-279. doi:10.1016/j. ebiom.2016.09.005. Blakaj, A., Bonomi, M., Gamez, M. E., & Blakaj, D. M. (2019). Oral mucositis in head and neck cancer: Evidence-based management and review of clinical trial data. Oral Oncology, 95 :29-34. Butler, D. (2016). Fixed drug eruptions. Retrieved from http://emedicine.medscape.com/ article/1336702-overview Buzalaf, M. A., & Levy, S. M. (2011). Fluoride intake of children: Considerations for dental caries and dental fluorosis. [Abstract]. Monographs in Oral Science, 22, 1-19. doi:10.1159/000325101. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2016). Fluorosis. Retrieved from http://www. cdc.gov/fluoridation/faqs/dental_fluorosis/ Charles, N., Ramesh, V., Babu, K. S., & Premalatha, B. (2012). Gene polymorphism in amlodipine induced gingival hyperplasia: A case report. Journal of Young Pharmacists, 4 (4), 287-289. Chaveli-López, B., & Bagán-Sebastián, J. V. (2016). Treatment of oral mucositis due to chemotherapy. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Dentistry, 8 (2), e201-e209. Chen, B., Choi, H., Hirsch, L. J., Moeller, J., Javed, A., Kato, K., … Detyniecki, K. (2015). Cosmetic side effects of antiepileptic drugs in adults with epilepsy. Epilepsy & Behavior, 42, 129-137. doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2014.10.021. Cohen, D., & Bhattacharyya, I. (2008). Case of the month: Drug-induced hyperplasia. Today’s FDA, 20 (3), 25-27. Dana-Farber Cancer Institute. (2014). Oxaliplatin (Eloxatin ® ). Retrieved from http://www. dana-farber.org/uploadedFiles/Library/health- library/medications/Oxaliplatin-Eloxatin.pdf de Almeida, V., Grégio, A. M., Machado, M. A., de Lima, A. A., & Azevedo, L. R. (2008). Saliva composition and functions: A comprehensive review. The Journal of Contemporary
reactions, the causative agent should be identified and eliminated, if possible.
www.SafeFetus.com SafeFetus.com is a website set up for pregnant mothers and their physicians and pharmacists in order to protect the baby, whether during pregnancy or during lactation, from any harmful effects of medication (whether prescribed or over the counter). The site also provides information on maternal exposures, whether to physical agents, infectious agents, or diseases, and ways they may affect the unborn child. The site is maintained by a fully qualified team of physicians and pharmacists who work continually to update the information, adding new drugs that are emerging in the markets, with the aim of producing a fully comprehensive worldwide database. All information is presented in an unbiased manner and is extracted from well-documented and respectable sources. Website: http://www.safefetus.com Textbooks ● G. G. Briggs, C. V. Towers, & A. B. Forinash, 2021. Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation: A Reference Guide to Fetal and Neonatal Risk (12th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins (ISBN: 978-1-975-16237-5). ● Johns Hopkins Hospital, K. Kleinman, l. McDaniel, & M. Molloy, 2021, The Harriet Lane Handbook , 22nd Edition, (ISBN: 978-0-323-67407-2). ● D. Wray, 2017, Essential Dental Therapeutics, 1st Edition (ISBN: 978-1-119-05739-0). ● F. J. Dowd, B. Johnson, & A. Mariotti, 2016, Pharmacology and Therapeutics for Dentistry , 7th Edition. St. Louis, MO: Mosby (ISBN: 978-0-323- 39307-2). Dental Practice, 9 (3), 72-80. Retrieved from https://www.unc.edu/courses/2008ss2/ obio/720/001/2008_Readings/070308_saliva_review.pdf Dean, H. T. (1942). The investigation of physiological effects by the epidemiological method. In F. R. Moulton (Ed.), Fluorine and dental health. Washington, DC: American Association for the Advancement of Science, Publication No. 19, pp. 23-31. Dean, H. T. (1956). Fluorine in the control of dental caries. Journal of the American Dental Association, 52 (1), 1-8. de Barros da Cunha, S. R., Ramos, P. A., Nesrallah, A. C., Parahyba, C. J., Fregnani, E. R., & Aranha, A. C. (2015). The effects of ionizing radiation on the oral cavity. Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice, 16 (8), 679-687. da Cunha Coelho, A. S. E., Mata, P. C. M., Lino, C. A., Macho, V. M. P., Areias, C. M. F. G. P., Norton, A. P. M. A. P., & Augusto, A. P. C. M. (2019). Dental hypomineralization treatment: A systematic review. Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry, 31 (1): 26-39. de Mendonça Invernici, M., Finger Stadler, A., Vale Nicolau, G., Naval Machado, M. A., Soares de Lima, A. A., & Compagnoni Martins, M. (2014). Management of Sjogren’s syndrome patient: A case report of prosthetic rehabilitation with 6-year follow-up. Case Reports in Dentistry, 2014, 761251. Didehdar, M., Chegini, Z., & Shariati, A. (2022). Eugenol: A novel therapeutic agent for the inhibition of Candida species infection. Frontiers in pharmacology , 13 , 872127. https://doi. org/10.3389/fphar.2022.872127 Di Giovanni, T., Eliades, T., & Papageorgiou, S. N. (2018). Interventions for dental fluorosis: A systematic review. Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry, 30 (6):502-508. Domingues, R. S., Ferraz, B. F. R., Greghi, S. L. A., de Rezende, M. L. R., Passanezi, E., & Santana, A. C. P. (2012). Influence of combined oral contraceptives on the periodontal condition. Journal of Applied Oral Science, 20 (2), 253-259. Donaldson, M., Epstein, J., & Villines. D. (2014). Managing patients with Sjögren’s syndrome and dry mouth: comorbidities, medication use and dental care considerations. Journal of the American Dental Association, 145 (12):1240-7. Donaldson, M., & Goodchild, J. H. (2018). A systematic approach to xerostomia diagnosis and management. Compendium of Continuing Education in Dentistry, 39 (10):1-12. Donaldson, M., Goodchild, J. H., & Epstein, J. B. (2015). Sugar content, cariogenicity, and dental concerns with commonly used medications. Journal of the American Dental Association, 146 (2):129-133. Durso, S. C. (2008). Oral manifestations of disease. In A. Fauci, E. Braunwald, D. Kasper, S. Hauser, D. Longo, J. Jameson, & J. Loscalzo (Eds.), Harrison’s principles of internal medicine. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Fitzpatrick, S. G., Cohen, D. M., & Clark, A. N. (2019). Ulcerated Lesions of the Oral Mucosa: Clinical and Histologic Review. Head and Neck Pathology, 13 (1):91-102. Fleisher, K. E., Kontio, R., & Otto, S. (2016). Antiresorptive drug-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (ARONJ) – A guide to research. Davos, Switzerland: AO Foundation. Furness, S., Worthington, H. V., Bryan, G., Birchenough, S., & McMillan, R. (2011). Interventions for the management of dry mouth: Topical therapies. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2011 (12), CD008934. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008934.pub2 Gawade, P. L., Hudson, M. M., Kaste, S. C., Neglia, J. P., Constine, L. S., Robison, L. L., & Ness, K. K. (2014). A systematic review of dental late effects in survivors of childhood cancer. Pediatric Blood & Cancer, 61 (3), 407-416. doi:10.1002/pbc.24842. Gil-Montoya, J. A., Silvestre, F. J., Barrios, R., & Silvestre-Rangil, J. (2016). Treatment of xerostomia and hyposalivation in the elderly: A systematic review. Medicina Oral, Patología Oral y Cirugía Bucal, 21 (3), e355-366. Greenspan, J,S., Greenspan, D., & Webster-Cyriaque, J. (2016). Hairy leukoplakia; lessons learned: 30-plus years. Oral Diseases, 22 Suppl 1:120-7. Grenon, N. N. (2013). Managing toxicities associated with antiangiogenic biologic agents in combination with chemotherapy for metastatic colorectal cancer. Clinical Journal of Oncology Nursing, 17 (4), 425-433. Gurvits, G. E., & Tan, A. (2014). Black hairy tongue syndrome. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 20 (31), 10845-10850. Hall, L. D., Eminger, L. A., Hesterman, K. S., & Heymann, W. R. (2015). Epstein-Barr virus: Dermatologic associations and implications: Part I. Mucocutaneous manifestations of Epstein-Barr virus and nonmalignant disorders. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 72 (1), 1-19. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2014.07.034. Hamad, Y., & Warren, D. K. (2018). Black hairy tongue. New England Journal of Medicine, 6 ;379(10):e16. doi: 10.1056/NEJMicm1800351. Heasman, P. A., & Hughes, F. J. (2014). Drugs, medications and periodontal disease. British Dental Journal, 217 (8), 411-419.
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