Chapter 6 : Noninsulin Antihyperglycemic Agents for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes 2.5 Contact Hours
By: James A. Fain, PhD, RN, BC-ADM, FADCES, FAAN and Nancy S. Morris, PhD, RN, ANP-BC Author Disclosure: James A. Fain, PhD, RN, BC-ADM, FADCES, FAAN, Nancy S. Morris, PhD, RN, ANP-BC, and Colibri Healthcare, LLC do not have any actual or potential conflicts of interest in relation to this lesson. Universal Activity Number UAN: 0607-0000-23-020-H01-T Target Audience: Pharmacists in a community-based setting. To Obtain Credit: A minimum test score of 75 percent is needed to obtain a credit. Please submit your answers either by mail, fax, or online at EliteLearning.com/Book Learning objectives After completing this course, the learner should be able to: Distinguish the indications, advantages, and disadvantages of various antihyperglycemic agents, noting dosage variability and side effect profiles. Examine antihyperglycemic agents’ effects on glycemic targets. Activity Type: Knowledge-based Initial Release Date: 10/09/2023 Expiration Date: 10/9/2026 Implicit bias in healthcare Implicit bias significantly affects how healthcare professionals perceive and make treatment decisions, ultimately resulting in disparities in health outcomes. These biases, often unconscious and unintentional, can shape behavior and produce differences in medical care along various lines, including race, ethnicity, gender identity, sexual orientation, age, and socioeconomic status. Healthcare disparities stemming from implicit bias can manifest in several ways. For example, a healthcare provider might unconsciously give les s attention to a patient or make assumptions about their medical needs based on race, gender, or age. The unconscious assumptions can lead to delayed or inadequate care, misdiagnoses, or inappropriate treatments, all of which can adversely impact health outcomes. Addressing Introduction Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a progressive metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and progressive beta-cell exhaustion. Antihyperglycemic agents are designed to supplement lifestyle interventions, including medical nutrition therapy (MNT), physical activity, weight loss, counseling for smoking cessation, and psychosocial support. Recognizing the pathophysiology of T2DM helps the healthcare provider understand the mechanism of action related to various pharmacological agents. With a growing number of antihyperglycemic agents, more options are available to treat adults with T2DM. The key to using these agents is individualizing therapy based on the patient’s needs and metabolic response. The 2023 Standards of Medical Care by the American Association of Diabetes (ADA; ElSayed et al., 2023a) and the consensus report by the ADA and the European Association for the Study of Diabetes (EASD; Davies et al., 2022) recommend a patient-centered approach when choosing appropriate
Questions regarding statements of credit and other customer service issues should be directed to 1-888-666-9053. This lesson is $19.95. Colibri Healthcare, LLC is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE)
as a provider of continuing pharmacy education. Participants of the session who complete the evaluation and provide accurate NABP e-Profile
information will have their credit for 2.5 contact hour (0.25 CEU) submitted to CPE Monitor as early as within 10 business days after course completion and no later than 60 days after the event. Please know that if accurate e-Profile information is not provided within 60 days of the event, credit cannot be claimed after that time. The participant is accountable for verifying the accurate posting of CE credit to their CPE Monitor account within 60 days. Analyze the benefits of using select antihyperglycemic agents in patients with type 2 diabetes and cardiorenal conditions. Create a medication plan with a rationale and key patient teaching points for the person with type 2 diabetes. implicit bias in healthcare is crucial for achieving equity in medical treatment. Strategies to combat these biases involve education and awareness programs for healthcare professionals. These programs help individuals recognize and acknowledge their biases, fostering a more empathetic and unbiased approach to patient care. Additionally, implementing policies and procedures prioritizing equitable treatment for all patients can play a pivotal role in reducing healthcare disparities. Ultimately, confronting implicit bias in healthcare is essential to creating a more just and equitable healthcare system where everyone receives fair and equal treatment regardless of their background or characteristics. pharmacologic treatment for adults with type 2 diabetes. Key patient factors identified in Figure 1 inform the individualization of treatment goals to delay diabetes-related complications and improve quality of life. Maintaining adequate glycemic management decreases diabetes-related vascular complications of T2DM when initiated early during the patient’s disease. A glycemic target for most adults is an A1C of around 7.0% (53 mmol/mol) or less (ElSayed et al., 2023b). A lower A1C may be valuable if it can be achieved safely without significant hypoglycemia. Glycemic targets must be tailored based on the patient’s history, risk of hypoglycemia, risk or presence of complications, advanced age/fragility, comorbid conditions, and patient engagement. In addition, healthcare providers need to work with patients to adjust or change pharmacologic agents to ensure glycemic targets can be safely and reasonably achieved (ElSayed et al., 2023b).
Page 60
Book Code: RPTTX2024
EliteLearning.com/Pharmacy-Technician
Powered by FlippingBook