• CDC. (2021). Notes from the field: E-cigarette use among middle and high school students—National Youth Tobacco Survey, United States. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/ volumes/70/wr/mm7039a4.htm • Child Welfare Information Gateway. (2021). Domestic violence: A primer for child welfare professionals. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration for Children and Families, Children’s Bureau. https://www.childwelfare.gov/pubPDFs/parentalsubuse.pdf • Clark, A., Burnie, J., Johann, R., Baker, R., & Hassert, C. (2020). Be-Safe © : A guide for emergency department nurses responding to opioid overdoses in personal vehicles. The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 25 (3). https://www.doi.org/10.3912/OJIN. Vol25No03Man02 • Drugs.com. (2000-2021a). LSD. https://www.drugs.com/illicit/lsd.html • Drugs.com. (2000-2021b). PCP. https://www.drugs.com/illicit/pcp.html • Drug Enforcement Administration. (n.d.). Drug scheduling. https://www.dea.gov/drug- information/drug-scheduling • Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA). (2021). Public safety alert: Sharp increase in fake prescription pills containing fentanyl and meth. https://www.dea.gov/alert/sharp-increase- fake-prescription-pills-containing-fentanyl-and-meth • Dryden-Edwards, R. (2021). Club drugs. https://www.emedicinehealth.com/club_drugs/ article_em.htm#what_are_club_drugs • Fairman, R. T., Vu, M., Haardorfer, R., Windle, M., & Berg, C. J. (2019). Prescription stimulant use among young adult college students: Who uses, why, and what are the consequences. Journal of American College Health. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2019.1706539 • Fleming, C., Burke, T. W., & Owen, S. S. (2018). Police use of naloxone. https:// policeandsecuritynews.com/2018/05/15/2215/ • Foundations for a Drug-Free World. (2006-2021). Cheese heroin. https://www. drugfreeworld.org/drugfacts/heroin/cheese-heroin.html • Hassamal, S., & Hassamal, S. (2021). The rise in synthetic cannibinoids and cathinones. Psychiatric Times, 38(7), 14-16. • Jackson, G., Brown, A. M., & DeFrances, C. (2020). Opioid-involved emergency department visits in the National Hospital Care Survey and the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey. National Health Statistics Report, 149, 1-15. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/ nhsr/nhsr149-508.pdf • Johnston, L. D., Miech, R. A., O’Malley, P. M.,Bachman, J. G., Schulenberg, J. E., & Patrick, M.E. (2022). Monitoring the future national survey results on drug use 1975-2021: Overview, • key findings on adolescent drug use. Ann Arbor: Institute for Social Research, University of Michigan. • Keller, A. (2020). Drug use in middle school. https://www.drugrehab.com/teens/middle- school/ • Lipari, R. N., & Van Horn, S. L. (2017). Children living with parents who have a substance use disorder. The CBHSQ Report: August 24, 2017. Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Rockville, MD. https:// www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/report_3223/ShortReport-3223.html • Mattson, C. L., Tanz, L. J., Quinn, K., Kariisa, M., Patel, P., & Davis, N. L. (2021). Trends and geographic patterns in drug and synthetic opioid overdose deaths—United States, 2013-2019. MMWR Morbidity Mortality Weekly Report 2021, 70 (6), 202-207. http://dx.doi. org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7006a4 • Mayfield, D., McLeod, G., & Hall, P. (1974). The CAGE questionnaire: Validation of a new alcoholism screening instrument. American Journal of Psychiatry, 131 (1), 1121-1123. • Minnesota Department of Health (2020). Opioids: Follow-up care after drug overdose. https://www.health.state.mn.us/communities/opioids/prevention/followup.html • National Association for Children of Addiction (NACoA). (2018). Children impacted by addiction: A toolkit for educators. https://helpandhopewv.org/docs/Kit4Teachers_ALt_2018- 4.pdf • National Drug Early Warning System (NDEWS). (2020). Highlights from NDEWS sentinel community site 2020 reports. https://ndews.org/wordpress/files/2020/08/NDEWS-Year-6- Selected-Findings-Final.pdf • NDEWS. (2021). Carfentanil circulating in Toronto. https://www.toronto.ca/wp-content/ uploads/2021/08/9572-Drug-Alert-August-18final.pdf • NIDA. (2016). Cocaine research report. https://www.drugabuse.gov/download/1141/ cocaine-research-report.pdf?v=3f3fb3f0903dfa8879388c2a5d086cb9 • NIDA. (2017). Improving opioid prescribing . https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/ improving-opioid-prescribing/improving-opioid-prescribing • NIDA. (2018). Medications to treat opioid use disorder research report. https://www. drugabuse.gov/download/21349/medications-to-treat-opioid-use-disorder-research-report. pdf?v=99088f7584dac93ddcfa98648065bfbe • NIDA. (2018b). Drugs, brains, and behavior: The science of addiction. https://www. drugabuse.gov/publications/drugs-brains-behavior-science-addiction/drug-misuse-addiction • NIDA. (2019). Hallucinogens. https://www.drugabuse.gov/publications/drugfacts/ hallucinogens • NIDA. (2019b). Marijuana drugfacts. https://www.drugabuse.gov/download/1073/marijuana- drugfacts.pdf?v=b34b81f2cc8f9811c7935c856dac138d • NIDA. (2019c). Methamphetamine research report. https://www. drugabuse.gov/download/37620/methamphetamine-research-report. pdf?v=f6a96a8721a56a0f765889a3d3e678c7
• NIDA. (2020a). Monitoring the future study: Trends in prevalence of various drugs. https:// www.drugabuse.gov/drug-topics/trends-statistics/monitoring-future/monitoring-future- study-trends-in-prevalence-various-drugs • NIDA. (2020b). Drugs, brains, and behavior: The science of addiction. https://www. drugabuse.gov/publications/drugs-brains-behavior-science-addiction/drug-misuse-addiction • NIDA. (2020c). Commonly used drugs charts: Heroin. https://www.drugabuse.gov/drug- topics/commonly-used-drugs-charts • NIDA. (2020d). Commonly used drugs charts: Synthetic cathinones (Bath salts). https://www. drugabuse.gov/drug-topics/commonly-used-drugs-charts • NIDA. (2020e). Commonly used drugs charts: Cocaine. https://www.drugabuse.gov/drug- topics/commonly-used-drugs-charts • NIDA. (2020f). Commonly used drugs charts: LSD. https://www.drugabuse.gov/drug-topics/ commonly-used-drugs-charts • NIDA. (2020g). Commonly used drugs charts: PCP. https://www.drugabuse.gov/drug-topics/ commonly-used-drugs-charts • NIDA. (2020h). Commonly used drugs charts: Psilocybin. https://www.drugabuse.gov/drug- topics/commonly-used-drugs-charts • NIDA. (2020i). MDMA (Ecstasy/Molly) drugfacts. https://www.drugabuse.gov/ download/938/mdma-ecstasymolly-drugfacts.pdf?v=0b3f31f8d4c907e79f28bda4054dd9c4 • NIDA. (2020j). Commonly used drugs charts: MDMA (Ecstasy). https://www.drugabuse.gov/ drug-topics/commonly-used-drugs-charts • NIDA. (2020k). Commonly used drugs charts: Marijuana. https://www.drugabuse.gov/drug- topics/commonly-used-drugs-charts • NIDA. (2020l). Commonly used drugs charts: Methamphetamine. https://www.drugabuse. gov/drug-topics/commonly-used-drugs-charts • NIDA. (2020m). Misuse of prescription drugs research report. https://www. drugabuse.gov/download/37630/misuse-prescription-drugs-research-report. pdf?v=add4ee202a1d1f88f8e1fdd2bb83a5ef • NIDA. (2020n). Commonly used drugs charts: Prescription opioids. https://www.drugabuse. gov/drug-topics/commonly-used-drugs-charts • NIDA. (2020o). Commonly used drugs charts: Central nervous system depressants. https:// www.drugabuse.gov/drug-topics/commonly-used-drugs-charts • NIDA. (2020p). Commonly abused drug charts: Prescription stimulants. https://www. drugabuse.gov/drug-topics/commonly-used-drugs-charts • NIDA. (2020q). Synthetic cathinones (“bath salts”) DrugFacts. https://www.drugabuse.gov/ publications/drugfacts/synthetic-cathinones-bath-salts • NIDA. (2021). Trends & statistics: Overdose death rates. https://www.drugabuse.gov/drug- topics/trends-statistics/overdose-death-rates • NIDA. (2021b). Heroin research report . https://www.drugabuse.gov/download/37596/ heroin-research-report.pdf?v=51a4d835474c19d304997b55486a00ec • NIDA. (2021c). COVID-19 & substance use . https://www.drugabuse.gov/drug-topics/ comorbidity/covid-19-substance-use • NIDA. (2023). Drug overdose death rates. https://nida.nih.gov/research-topics/trends- statistics/overdose-death-rates • Noble, C., Papsun, D. M., Diaz, S., & Logan, B. K. (2021). Detection of two potent synthetic opioids carfentanil and 3-methylfentanyl in forensic investigations during a four-year period 2017-2020. Emerging Trends in Drugs, Addictions, and Health, 1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. etdah.2021.100022 • Painter, S. G. (2017). Opiate crisis and healthcare reform in America: A review for nurses. The Online Journal of Issues in Nursing, 22 (2), 1. https://doi.org/10.3912/OJIN. Vol22No02Man03 • Peters, J. G., & Gunta, G. J. (2019) Safety alert: What they didn’t teach you about naloxone could get you killed. Police and Security News. https://policeandsecuritynews. com/2019/10/01/safety-alert-what-they-didnt-teach-you-about-naloxone-could-get-you- killed/ • Recovery Centers of America (RCA). (2017). Economic cost of substance abuse in the United States, 2016 . https://recoverycentersofamerica.com/economic-cost-substance-abuse/ • SAMHSA. (2020). Key substance use and mental health indicators in the United States: Results from the 2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health. https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/reports/ rpt29393/2019NSDUHFFRPDFWHTML/2019NSDUHFFR1PDFW090120.pdf • Smith, V. C., & Wilson, C. R. (2016). Families affected by parental substance use. http:// pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2016/07/14/peds.2016-1575 • U.S. Food & Drug Administration (FDA). (2021). Pure and highly concentrated caffeine. https://www.fda.gov/food/dietary-supplement-products-ingredients/pure-and-highly- concentrated-caffeine • The White House. (2021). The Biden-Harris Administration’s statement of drug policy priorities for year one . https://www.whitehouse.gov/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/ BidenHarris-Statement-of-Drug-Policy-Priorities-April-1.pdf • Wang, L., Wang, Q., Davis, P. B., Volkow, N. D., & Xu, R. (2021). Increased risk for COVID-19 breakthrough infection in fully vaccinated patients with substance use disorders in the United States between December 2020 and August 2021. World Psychiatry. https://doi. org/10.1002/wps.20921 • Waszak, D. (2018). Opioid overdose: Keep your patient alive, but protect yourself. https:// www.workingnurse.com/articles/Opioid-Overdose-Keep-Your-Patient-Alive-But-Protect- Yourself
ILLICIT DRUG USAGE IN THE UNITED STATES Self-Assessment Answers and Rationales
1. The correct answer is d. Rationale: On average, 21.3% of respondents reported having tried some illicit drug (heroin, cocaine, methamphetamines, LSD) in their lifetime with 8.7% having used within the past month. 2. The correct answer is c. Rationale: Children who come from homes where there is one or more parents who use substances or consume alcohol are more likely to be exposed to sex trafficking, experience infectious disease because of drug paraphernalia exposure, and become a user of substances or alcohol themselves. 3. The correct answer is a. Rationale: According to RCA, 60% of the costs tied to illicit drug use are directly related to intangible costs of loss of quality of life. 4. The correct answer is b. Rationale: Naloxone is the gold standard to reverse the effects of heroin overdose.
5. The correct answer is c. Rationale: Buprenorphine is a partial opioid agonist which relieves drug cravings without producing the “high.” Unlike the strict regulation of methadone daily monitoring, buprenorphine patients do not have a required daily check-in. The medication can be taken orally or sublingually and prevents attempts to get high through injecting medication (NIDA, 2021b). 6. The correct answer is d. Rationale: Studies have shown that infants born to women who use cocaine during pregnancy are at an increased risk of placental abruption. When cocaine is combined with alcohol, the individual creates a greater risk for cardiac toxicity than from either drug alone. 7. The correct answer is a. Rationale: According to NIDA’s research report Misuse of Prescription Drugs (2020m), three classes of prescription drugs are most commonly abused: opioids or painkillers, central nervous system depressants or tranquillizers, and stimulants.
Page 50
Book Code: RPTTX2024
EliteLearning.com/Pharmacy-Technician
Powered by FlippingBook