Chapter 9: The Pharmacologic Management of Anxiety in Adults 2 Contact Hours
By: Alex Brewer, PharmD, Author Disclosure: Alex Brewer, PharmD, and Colibri Healthcare, LLC do not have any actual or potential conflicts of interest in relation to this lesson. Universal Activity Number UAN: 0607-0000-23-014-H99-T Target Audience: Pharmacists in a community-based setting. To Obtain Credit: A minimum test score of 75 percent is needed to obtain a credit. Please submit your answers either by mail, fax, or online at EliteLearning.com/Book Questions regarding statements of credit and other customer service issues should be directed to 1-888-666-9053. This lesson is $14.95. Activity Type: Knowledge-based Initial Release Date: 7/10/2023 Expiration Date: 7/10/2026 Learning objectives After completing this course, the learner should be able to: Describe the eligibility qualifications and make-up of the Texas State Board of Pharmacy. Explain the powers and duties of the Texas State Board of Pharmacy. Implicit bias in healthcare Implicit bias significantly affects how healthcare professionals perceive and make treatment decisions, ultimately resulting in disparities in health outcomes. These biases, often unconscious and unintentional, can shape behavior and produce differences in medical care along various lines, including race, ethnicity, gender identity, sexual orientation, age, and socioeconomic status. Healthcare disparities stemming from implicit bias can manifest in several ways. For example, a healthcare provider might unconsciously give less attention to a patient or make assumptions about their medical needs based on race, gender, or age. The unconscious assumptions can lead to delayed or inadequate care, misdiagnoses, or inappropriate treatments, all of which can adversely impact health outcomes. Addressing Introduction Anxiety disorders are the most commonly diagnosed psychiatric disorders, with an estimated 264 million persons globally suffering from an anxiety disorder (WHO, 2017). It’s estimated that 19.1% of adults in the United States are affected by at least one anxiety disorder; this number jumps to 31.9% in U.S. adolescents (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, n.d.). Common anxiety disorders include generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), panic disorder (PD), specific phobias,
Colibri Healthcare, LLC is accredited by the Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education (ACPE) as a provider of continuing pharmacy education. Participants of the session who complete the evaluation and provide accurate NABP e-Profile information will have their credit for 2 contact hour (0.2 CEU) submitted to CPE Monitor as early as within 10 business days after course completion and no later than 60 days after the event. Please know that if accurate e-Profile information is not provided within 60 days of the event, credit cannot be claimed after that time. The participant is accountable for verifying the accurate posting of CE credit to their CPE Monitor account within 60 days. List the steps required to propose updates to Texas state pharmacy law and where to find information from the Board regarding confirmed and proposed updates. Discuss important updates to Texas state pharmacy law adopted between February 2021 and May 2023. implicit bias in healthcare is crucial for achieving equity in medical treatment. Strategies to combat these biases involve education and awareness programs for healthcare professionals. These programs help individuals recognize and acknowledge their biases, fostering a more empathetic and unbiased approach to patient care. Additionally, implementing policies and procedures prioritizing equitable treatment for all patients can play a pivotal role in reducing healthcare disparities. Ultimately, confronting implicit bias in healthcare is essential to creating a more just and equitable healthcare system where everyone receives fair and equal treatment regardless of their background or characteristics. agoraphobia, social anxiety disorder (SAD), and separation anxiety disorder. Estimated 12-month prevalence rates in the United States are as follows: 8-12% (specific phobias); 7% (SAD); 2-3 % (PD); 1-2.9% (agoraphobia); 2% (GAD); and 0.9-1.9% (separation anxiety disorder). Generally, women are more likely to experience an anxiety disorder compared to men (Muskin, 2021). ● Separation anxiety disorder. The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) organizes GAD, PD, and SAD under the anxiety disorders chapter. Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were relocated to chapters entitled “obsessive-compulsive and related disorders” and “trauma- and stressor-related disorders,” respectively. Pharmacologic treatment of OCD and PTSD are not reviewed in this course. Definitions and diagnostic criteria for these disorders are explained in detail in the following sections.
ANXIETY DISORDERS
Anxiety disorders are the most common type of psychiatric disorder; nearly one-third of Americans are affected by an anxiety disorder at some point in their lifetime (Garakani et al., 2020). Anxiety disorders are a common cause of work and school absence. Due to their high prevalence, anxiety disorders carry a larger cost burden compared to other psychiatric disorders. The principle anxiety disorders that will be discussed with regard to pharmacotherapy include: ● Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). ● Panic disorder (PD).
● Specific phobias. ● Agoraphobia (AG). ● Social anxiety disorder (SAD).
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