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Dulaglutide, another once-weekly GLP-1 receptor agonist, was recently studied in pediatric patients in a double-blind, place- bo-controlled, randomized trial (Arslanian et al., 2022). At base- line, patients were treated with or without metformin or basal in- sulin therapy. After 26 weeks, mean HbA1C decreased by 0.9% in the higher-dose group. Reduction was significantly greater in the treatment arm versus the placebo group. Similar to the previously discussed pediatric-approved GLP-1 receptor agonists, gastroin- testinal events were the most common adverse effects and were Conclusion The prevalence of T2DM is on the rise in the pediatric population. While primary interventions should be aimed at preventing clin- ical disease, many patients progress from prediabetes to T2DM despite lifestyle modifications and a family-centered approach to physical activity, nutrition, and weight loss. Medications aimed at treating T2DM in children and adolescents include metformin, Akbarizadeh, M., Naderi Far, M., & Ghaljaei, F. (2022). Prevalence of depression and anxiety among children with type 1 and type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. World Journal of Pediatrics: WJP , 18 (1), 16-26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12519-021- 00485-2 • American Diabetes Association (ADA) Professional Practice Committee (2022a). 2. Classification and diagnosis of diabetes: Standards of medical care in diabetes, 2022. Diabetes Care , 45 (Suppl 1), S17-S38. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc22-S002 • American Diabetes Association (ADA) Professional Practice Committee (2022b). 3. Prevention or delay of type 2 diabetes and associated comorbidities: Standards of medical care in diabetes, 2022. Diabetes Care , 45 (Suppl 1), S39–S45. https://doi.org/10.2337/ dc22-S003 • American Diabetes Association (ADA) Professional Practice Committee, Draznin, B., Aroda, V. R., Bakris, G., Benson, G., Brown, F. M., Freeman, R., Green, J., Huang, E., Isaacs, D., Kahan, S., Leon, J., Lyons, S. K., Peters, A. L., Prahalad, P., Reusch, J., & Young-Hyman, D. (2022c). 4. Comprehensive medical evaluation and assessment of comorbidities: Standards of medical care in diabetes, 2022. Diabetes Care , 45 (Suppl 1), S46-S59. https://doi. org/10.2337/dc22-S004 • References • American Diabetes Association (ADA) Professional Practice Committee, Draznin, B., Aroda, V. R., Bakris, G., Benson, G., Brown, F. M., Freeman, R., Green, J., Huang, E., Isaacs, D., Kahan, S., Leon, J., Lyons, S. K., Peters, A. L., Prahalad, P., Reusch, J., & Young-Hyman, D. (2022d). 5. Facilitating behavior change and well-being to improve health outcomes: Standards of medical care in diabetes, 2022. Diabetes Care , 45 (Suppl 1), S60-S82. https:// doi.org/10.2337/dc22-S005 • American Diabetes Association (ADA) Professional Practice Committee, Draznin, B., Aroda, V. R., Bakris, G., Benson, G., Brown, F. M., Freeman, R., Green, J., Huang, E., Isaacs, D., Kahan, S., Leon, J., Lyons, S. K., Peters, A. L., Prahalad, P., Reusch, J., & Young-Hyman, D. (2022e). 6. Glycemic targets: Standards of medical care in diabetes, 2022. Diabetes Care , 45 (Suppl 1), S83- S96. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc22-S006 • American Diabetes Association (ADA) Professional Practice Committee, Draznin, B., Aroda, V. R., Bakris, G., Benson, G., Brown, F. M., Freeman, R., Green, J., Huang, E., Isaacs, D., Kahan, S., Leon, J., Lyons, S. K., Peters, A. L., Prahalad, P., Reusch, J., & Young-Hyman, D. (2022f). 7. Diabetes technology: Standards of medical care in diabetes, 2022. Diabetes Care , 45 (Suppl 1), S97-S112. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc22-S007 • American Diabetes Association (ADA) Professional Practice Committee, Draznin, B., Aroda, V. R., Bakris, G., Benson, G., Brown, F. M., Freeman, R., Green, J., Huang, E., Isaacs, D., Kahan, S., Leon, J., Lyons, S. K., Peters, A. L., Prahalad, P., Reusch, J., & Young-Hyman, D. (2022g). 14. Children and adolescents: Standards of medical care in diabetes, 2022. Diabetes Care , 45 (Suppl 1), S208-S231. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc22-S014 • Andes, L. J., Cheng, Y. J., Rolka, D. B., Gregg, E. W., & Imperatore, G. (2020). Prevalence of prediabetes among adolescents and young adults in the United States, 2005–2016. JAMA Pediatrics , 174 (2), e194498. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapediatrics.2019.4498 • Annameier, S. K., Kelly, N. R., Courville, A. B., Tanofsky-Kraff, M., Yanovski, J. A., & Shomaker, L.B. (2018). Mindfulness and laboratory eating behavior in adolescent girls at risk for type 2 diabetes. Appetite , 125 , 48-56. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2018.01.030 • Arslanian, S., Bacha, F., Grey, M., Marcus, M. D., White, N. H., & Zeitler, P. (2018). Evaluation and management of youth-onset type 2 diabetes: A statement by the American Diabetes Association. Diabetes Care , 41 (12), 2648-2668. https://doi.org/10.2337/dci18- 0052 • Arslanian, S. A., Hannon, T., Zeitler, P., Chao, L. C., Boucher-Berry, C., Barrientos-Pérez, M., Bismuth, E., Dib, S., Cho, J. I., Cox, D., & AWARD-PEDS Investigators. (2022). Once-weekly dulaglutide for the treatment of youths with type 2 diabetes. The New England Journal of Medicine , 387 (5), 433-443. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa2204601 • Bonin, L., Levasseur-Puhach, S., Guimond, M., Gabbs, M., Wicklow, B., Vandenbroeck, B., Copenace, S., Delaronde, M., Mosienko, L., McGavock, J., Katz, L. Y., Roos, L. E., Diffey, L., & Dart, A. (2022). Walking in two worlds with type 2 diabetes: A scoping review of prevention and management practices incorporating traditional indigenous approaches. International Journal of Circumpolar Health , 81 (1), 2141182. https://doi.org/10.1080/2242 3982.2022.2141182 • Brown, B., Dybdal, L., Noonan, C., Pedersen, M. G., Parker, M., & Corcoran, M. (2020). Group gardening in a Native American community: A collaborative approach. Health Promotion Practice , 21 (4), 611-623. https://doi.org/10.1177/1524839919830930 • Calliari, L. E., Almeida, F. J., & Noronha, R. M. (2020). Infections in children with diabetes. Jornal de pediatria , 96 (Suppl 1), 39-46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jped.2019.09.004 • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). (2022a). National diabetes statistics report, 2022: Estimates of diabetes and its burden in the United States. https://www.cdc. gov/diabetes/data/statistics-report/index.html • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022b). Recommended Child and Adolescent Immunization Schedule for ages 18 years or younger . Retrieved from Recommended Child and Adolescent Immunization Schedule (cdc.gov). • Chen, Z., Radjabzadeh, D., Chen, L., Kurilshikov, A., Kavousi, M., Ahmadizar, F., Ikram, M. A., Uitterlinden, A. G., Zhernakova, A., Fu, J., Kraaij, R., & Voortman, T. (2021). Association of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes with gut microbial diversity: A microbiome-wide analysis from population studies. JAMA Network Open , 4 (7), e2118811. https://doi. org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.18811 • Chesser, H., Srinivasan, S., Puckett, C., Gitelman, S. E., & Wong, J. C. (2022). Real-time continuous glucose monitoring in adolescents and young adults with type 2 diabetes can improve quality of life. Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology , 19322968221139873. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/19322968221139873 • Cioana, M., Deng, J., Nadarajah, A., Hou, M., Qiu, Y., Chen, S. S. J., Rivas, A., Banfield, L., Alfaraidi, H., Alotaibi, A., Thabane, L., & Samaan, M. C. (2022). Prevalence of polycystic ovary syndrome in patients with pediatric type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Network Open , 5 (2), e2147454. https://doi.org/10.1001/ jamanetworkopen.2021.47454 • Esquivel Zuniga, R., & DeBoer, M. D. (2021). 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mostly transient. If approved, this medication may be a conve- nient alternative to currently available options. Overall, many medications used in adult patients with T2DM do not have pediatric indications or data to support their use. Lim- ited information is available from published phase 3 studies and clinical trials involving a sulfonylurea, DPP-4 inhibitors, and an SGLT2 inhibitor, but data are insufficient for approval. Expanded pediatric research is imperative to develop medications that are effective in the prevention and treatment of T2DM with favorable side effect profiles. insulin, liraglutide, and exenatide. Additional treatment options are available for adults with T2DM and are undergoing study in pediatric patients, but currently the data are insufficient to sup - port approval and routine use. 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