California Dentist Ebook Continuing Education

Santos-Paul, M. A., Neves, I. L., Neves, R. S., & Ramires, J. A. (2015). Local anesthesia with epinephrine is safe and effective for oral surgery in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and coronary disease: A prospective randomized study. Clinics (São Paulo, Brazil), 70 (3), 185-189. Schatz, M. (1992). Adverse reactions to local anesthetics . Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America, 12 , 585. Schwartz, H. J., & Sher, T. H. (1985). Bisulfite sensitivity manifesting as allergy to local dental anesthesia. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 75 (4), 525-527. Scott, D. B., Jebson, P. J. R., Braid, D. P., Ortengren, B., & Frisch, P. (1972). Factors affecting plasma levels of lignocaine and prilocaine. ritish Journal of Anaesthesia, 44 (10), 1040-1049. Shaefer, J.R., Lee, S.J., & Anderson, N.K. (2017). A vibration device to control injection discomfort. Compendium of Continuing Education in Dentistry, 38 (6), e5-8. Senewiratne, N.L., Woodall, A., & Can, A.S. (2021). Sodium Bicarbonate. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2021 Jan-. Retrieved from: https://www. ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559139/ Serrera Figallo, M. A., Velázquez Cayón, R. T., Torres Lagares, D., Corcuera Flores, J. R., & Machuca Portillo, G. (2012). Use of anesthetics associated to vasoconstrictors for dentistry in patients with cardiopathies: Review of the literature published in the last decade. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Dentistry, 4 (2), e107-e111. Singh, P. (2012). An emphasis on the wide usage and important role of local anesthesia in dentistry: A strategic review. Dental Research Journal, 9 (2), 127-132. Sneader, W. (2005). Drug discovery: A history . Chichester, UK: Wiley. Snoeck, M. (2012). Articaine: A review of its use for local and regional anesthesia. Local and Regional Anesthesia, 5, 23-33. Stewart, J.H., Chinn, S.E., Cole, G.W., & Klein, J.A. (1990). Neutralized lidocaine with epinephrine for local anesthesia-II. Journal of Dermatology Surgery and Oncology, 16 (9), 842-845. Tetzlaff, J. E. (n.d.). Amino ester local anesthetics . Retrieved from http://faculty.weber.edu/ ewalker/Medicinal_Chemistry/topics/Psycho/local_a_ester.htm Tófoli, G. R., Ramacciato, J. C., de Oliveira, P. C., Volpato, M. C., & Ranali, J. (2003). Comparison of effectiveness of 4% articaine associated with 1:100,000 or 1:200,000 epinephrine in inferior alveolar nerve block. Anesthesia Progress, 50 (4), 164-168. Toma, M., Berghahn, M., Loth, S., Verrengia, B., Visani, L., & Velotti, F. (2015). Articaine and paresthesia in dental anaesthesia: Neurotoxicity or procedural trauma? Retrieved from http://www.oralhealthgroup.com/news/articaine-and-paresthesia-in-dental-anaesthesia- neurotoxicity-or-procedural-trauma/1003465568/ Trieger, N., & Gillen, G. H. (1979). Bupivacaine anesthesia and postoperative analgesia in oral surgery. Anesthesia Progress, 26 (1), 20-23.

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Chemical Hazards Emergency Medical Management. (2011). FDA pregnancy categories . Retrieved from https://chemm.nlm.nih.gov/ pregnancycategories.htm. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (2014). Content and Format Labeling for Human Prescription Drug and Biological Products; Requirements for Pregnancy and Lactation Labeling [online]. Retrieved from: https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2014/12/04/2014- 28241/content-and-format-of-labeling-forhuman-prescription-drug-and-biological-products- requirements-for. U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research. (1998). Approval package for Application Number 20-971 . Retrieved from http://www.accessdata.fda. gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2000/020971_septocaine_biopharmr.pdf. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Drug safety and availability . Retrieved from http://www. fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/default.htm. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (2016). Pregnancy and lactation labeling final rule [online] . Retrieved from: https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CFR-2016-title21-vol4/xml/CFR-2016-title21- vol4-sec201-57.xml. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2014). Questions and answers on the pregnancy and lactation labeling rule . Retrieved from http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/ DevelopmentApprovalProcess/DevelopmentResources/Labeling/ucm093311.htm. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2018). Risk of serious and potentially fatal blood disorder prompts FDA action on oral over-the-counter benzocaine products used for teething and mouth pain and prescription local anestheti cs. Retrieved from https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/ DrugSafety/ucm608265.htm Volcheck, G. W., & Mertes, P. M. (2014). Local and general anesthetics immediate hypersensitivity reactions. Immunology and Allergy Clinics of North America, 34 (3), 525-546. Warrington, R. J., & McPhillips, S. (1997). Allergic reaction to local anesthetic agents of the amide group. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 100 (6 Pt 1), 855. Westfall, T., & Westfall, D. P. (2011). Adrenergic agonists and antagonists. In L. L. Brunton, B. A. Chabner, & B. C. Knollmann (Eds.). Goodman and Gilman’s The pharmacological basis of therapeutics (12th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Whitcomb, M., Drum, M., Reader, A., Nusstein, J., & Beck, M. (2010). A prospective, randomized, double-blind study of the anesthetic efficacy of sodium bicarbonate buffered 2% lidocaine with 1:100,000 epinephrine in inferior alveolar nerve blocks. Anesthesia Progress, 57 (2), 59-66. Yapp, K. E., Hopcraft, M.S., & Parashos, P. (2011). Articaine: A review of the literature. British Dental Journal, 210 (7), 323-329. Zhang, X., Yang, Q., & Zhang, Z. (2017). The efficiency and safety of local liposomal bupivacaine infiltration for pain control in total hip arthroplasty: A systematic review and meta- analysis. Medicine (Baltimore), 96 (49), e8433.

THREE DRUG CLASSES: ANTIBIOTICS, ANALGESICS, AND LOCAL ANESTHETICS MOD III: ANESTHETICS, 3RD EDITION Final Examination Questions Select the best answer for each question and mark your answers on the Final Examination Answer Sheet found on page 170, or complete your test online at EliteLearning.com/Book 1. What was the name of the first synthetic form of local anesthesia? a. Benzocaine. 6. Although the use of most local anesthetics has remained fairly constant, one local anesthetic that was introduced in the United States in 2000 and that has since gained much of the market share is: a. Lidocaine.

b. Procaine. c. Prilocaine. d. Articaine. 2. Which channels do local anesthetics block to inhibit nerve conduction? a. Sodium. b. Chloride. c. Magnesium. d. Potassium. 3. Which of the following local anesthetics used topically in dentistry is a member of the ester class? c. Prilocaine. d. Articaine. 4. Which of the following is considered the prototype of the amide class of local anesthetics? a. Lidocaine. a. Benzocaine. b. Editocaine. b. Mepivacaine. c. Bupivacaine. d. Prilocaine. 5. Which local anesthetic has a propensity to cause methemoglobinemia? a. Lidocaine.

b. Mepivacaine. c. Bupivacaine. d. Articaine.

7. The vasoconstrictor epinephrine is available in local anesthetics in formulations of 1:50,000, 1:100,000 and: a. 1:150,000. b. 1:200,000. c. 1:250,000. d. 1:300,000. 8. Which of the following statements is true regarding the vasoconstrictor present in 2% mepivacaine? a. It contains 1:50,000 epinephrine. b. It contains 1:100,000 epinephrine. c. It contains 1:20,000 levonordefrin. d. It contains no vasoconstrictor. 9. An easy way for dental professionals to minimize local anesthetic toxicity is to: a. Perform injections via blocks rather than with infiltrations. b. Use local anesthesia only when absolutely necessary. c. Aspirate prior to every injection. d. Minimize the use of vasoconstrictors. 10. According to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, which of the following local anesthetics is a category B drug and therefore safe to administer to patients who are pregnant or breast-feeding? a. Lidocaine.

b. Mepivacaine. c. Bupivacaine. d. Prilocaine.

b. Mepivacaine. c. Bupivacaine. d. Articaine.

Course Code: DCA02DR

Page 166

EliteLearning.com/Dental