● The University of Toronto Hospital for Sick Children: MotheRisk Program The MotheRisk Program (“Treating the mother – Protecting the unborn”) at the Hospital for Sick Children is affiliated with the University of Toronto and provides up-to-date information for mothers and professionals in regard to issues around medications, pregnancy, and lactation. MotheRisk counselors talk to hundreds of women and their healthcare providers each day, providing guidance, support, and peace of mind, as well as supporting research in this field. Website: http://www.motherisk.org In addition to electronic resources, the reader is also directed to more traditional textbooks that focus specifically on orofacial pain, diagnosis, and treatment: References Agasti, T. K. (2011). Textbook of anaesthesia for postgraduates . New Delhi, India: Jaypee Brothers. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Drugs. (2001). Transfer of drugs and other chemicals into human milk. Pediatrics, 108 (3), 776-789. American Dental Association/Physicians’ Desk Reference. (2009). The ADA/PDR guide to dental therapeutics (5th ed.). Montvale, NJ: PDR Network. American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. (2015). Changes coming to pregnancy labeling . Retrieved from http://www.ashp.org/menu/news/pharmacynews/newsarticle. aspx?id=4159. Aravena, P.C., Barrientos, C., Troncoso, C., Coronado, C., & Sotelo-Hitschfeld, P. (2018). Effect of warming anesthetic on pain perception during dental injection: a split-mouth randomized clinical trial. Local and Regional Anesthesia, 11 , 9-13. Barer, M. R., & McAllen, M. K. (1982). Hypersensitivity to local anaesthetics: A direct challenge test with lignocaine for definitive diagnosis. British Medical Journal (Clinical Research Edition) 284 (6324), 1229-1230. Batinac, T., Sotošek Tokmadžić, V., Peharda, V., & Brajac, I. (2013). Adverse reactions and alleged allergy to local anesthetics: Analysis of 331 patients. Journal of Dermatology, 40 (7), 522-527. Becker, D. E., & Reed, K. L. (2012). Local anesthetics: Review of pharmacological considerations. Anesthesia Progress, 59( 2), 90-102. Bina, B., Hersh, E.V., Hilario, M., Alvarez, K., & McLaughlin, B. (2018). True Allergy to Amide Local Anesthetics: A Review and Case Presentation. Anesthesia Progress, 65 (2), 119-123. Brucker, M. C., & King, T. L. (2017). The 2015 US Food and Drug Administration Pregnancy and Lactation Labeling Rule. Journal of Midwifery and Women’s Health, 62 (3), 308-316. Calderon, A. L., Diot, N., Benatir, F., Christin, F., Hautin, E., Truc, C., … Boselli, E. (2013). Immediate allergic cross-reactivity to levobupivacaine and ropivacaine. Anaesthesia, 68 (2), 203-205. California Dental Association Foundation; American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, District IX. (2010). Oral health during pregnancy and early childhood: Evidence-based guidelines for health professionals. Journal of the California Dental Association, 38 (6), 391-403, 405-440. Calthorpe, N. (2008). The history of spinal needles: Getting to the point. Anaesthesia, 59 (12), 1231-1241. Capogna, G., Celleno, D., Laudano, D., & Giunta, F. (1995). Alkalinization of local anesthetics. Which block, which local anesthetic? Regional Anesthesia, 20 (5), 369-377. Cengiz, S. B. (2007). The pregnant patient: Considerations for dental management and drug use. Quintessence International, 38 (3), e133- e142. Cepeda, M.S., Tzortzopoulou, A., Thackrey, M., Hudcova, J., Arora Gandhi, P., & Schumann, R. (2015) Adjusting the pH of lidocaine for reducing pain on injection. Cochrane Database Systematic Reviews, 5 , CD006581. Chan, T. Y. K. (2016). Fatal anaphylactic reactions to lignocaine. Forensic Science International, 266 , 449-452. Ching, D., Finkelman, M., & Loo, C.Y. (2014). Effect of the DentalVibe Injection System on pain during local anesthesia injections in adolescent patients. Pediatric Dentistry, 36 , 51-55. Cuesta-Herranz, J., de las Heras, M., Fernández, M., Lluch, M., Figueredo, E., Umpierrez, A., & Lahoz, C. (1997). Allergic reaction caused by local anesthetic agents belonging to the amide group. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 99 (3), 427-428. Curatolo, M., Petersen-Felix, S., Arendt-Nielsen, L., Lauber, R., Högström, H., Scaramozzino, P., Luginbühl, M., Sieber, T.J., & Zbinden, A.M. (1998). Adding sodium bicarbonate to lidocaine enhances the depth of epidural blockade. Anesthesia and Analgesia, 86 (2), 341-347. Dabarakis, N., Tsirlis, A., Parisis, N., & Tsoukalas, D. (2006). The role of temperature in the action of mepivacaine. Anesthesia Progress, 53 , 91-94. Dagher, F. B., Yared, G. M., & Machtou, P. (1997). An evaluation of 2% lidocaine with different concentrations of epinephrine for inferior alveolar nerve block. Journal of Endodontics, 23 (3), 178-180. Davidson, J.A.H. & Boom, S.J. (1992). Warming lignocaine to reduce pain associated with injection. British Medical Journal, 305 , 617-8. Donaldson, M., & Goodchild, J. H. (2012). Pregnancy, breast-feeding and drugs used in dentistry. Journal of the American Dental Association, 143 (8), 858-871. Donaldson, M., & Goodchild, J. H. (2018a). Does liposomal bupivacaine fulfill an unmet need in dentistry? General Dentistry, 66 (5), 14-16. Donaldson, M., & Goodchild, J. H. (2018b). Lidocaine turns 70: the evolution of dental local anesthesia? General Dentistry, 66 (3), 6-9. Dooms-Goossens, A., de Alam, A. G., Degreef, H., & Kochuyt, A. (1989). Local anesthetic intolerance due to metabisulfite. Contact Dermatitis, 20 (2), 124-126. El-Boghdadly, K., & Chin, K. J. (2016). Local anesthetic systemic toxicity: Continuing Professional Development. Canadian Journal Anaesthesiology,63 (3), 330-49. Fayans, E. P., Stuart, H. R., Carsten, D., Ly, Q., & Kim, H. (2010). Local anesthetic use in the pregnant and postpartum patient. Dental Clinics of North America, 54 (4), 697-713. Finsen, V. (2017). Reduced pain when injecting lidocaine. Tidsskr for den Norske Legeforening, 137 (9), 629-30. Fonacier, L. (2015). A practical guide to patch testing. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology in Practice, 3 (5), 669-675. doi:10.1016/j.jaip.2015.05.001 Gadsden, J. (n.d.). Local anesthetics: Clinical pharmacology and rational selection . Retrieved from http://www.nysora.com/mobile/regional- anesthesia/foundations-of-ra/3492-local- anesthetics-clinical-pharmacology-and-rational-selection.html. Goodchild, J.H., & Donaldson, M. (2019). Novel Direct Injection Chairside Buffering Technique for Local Anesthetic Use in Dentistry. Compendium of Continuing Education in Dentistry, 40 (7), e1-e12. Goodchild, J.H., & Donaldson, M. (2016). Comparing the pH change of local anesthetic solutions using two chairside buffering techniques. Compendium of Continuing Education in Dentistry, 37 (5), e6-e12. Gordh, T., Gordh, T. E., & Lindqvist, K. (2010). Lidocaine: The origin of a modern local anesthetic. Anesthesiology, 113 , 1433-1437. Grzanka, A., Wasilewska, I., Śliwczyńska, M., & Misiołek. H. (2016). Hypersensitivity to local anesthetics. Anaesthesiology Intensive Therapy, 48 (2), 128-34. Grzybowski, A. (2008). Cocaine and the eye: A historical overview. Ophthalmologica, 222 (5), 296-301. Guglielmo, A., Reader, A., Nist, R., Beck, M., & Weaver, J. (1999). Anesthetic efficacy and heart rate effects of the supplemental intraosseous injection of 2 percent mepivacaine with 1:20,000 levonordefrin. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and Endodontics, 87 (3), 284-293.
● G. Fischer, 2018, Local Anesthesia in Dentistry, With Special Reference to the Mucous and Conductive Methods: A Concise Guide for Dentists, Surgeons and Students . London, UK: Franklin Classics (ISBN: 978-0-342-02547-3). ● S. F. Malamed, 2019, Handbook of Local Anesthesia , 7th Edition. St. Louis, MO: Elsevier Mosby (ISBN: 978-0-323- 58207-0). ● Johns Hopkins Hospital, K. Kleinman, l. McDaniel, & M. Molloy, 2021, The Harriet Lane Handbook , 22nd Edition, (ISBN: 978-0-323-67407-2) ● G. G. Briggs, C. V. Towers, & A. B. Forinash, 2021. Drugs in Pregnancy and Lactation: A Reference Guide to Fetal and Neonatal Risk (12th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins (ISBN: 978-1-975-16237-5). Guimaraes, C. C., Lopes Motta, R. H., Bergamaschi, C. C., Araújo, J. O., Andrade, N. K., Figueiró, M. F., ... & Lopes, L. C. (2021). 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Do buffered local anesthetics provide more successful anesthesia than nonbuffered solutions in patients with pulpally involved teeth requiring dental therapy?: A systematic review. Journal of the American Dental Association, 150 (3), 165-177. Kurien, S., Kattimani, V. S., Sriram, R. R., Sriram, S. K., Rao, V. K. P., Bhupathi, A., … Patil, N. (2013). Management of pregnant patient in dentistry. Journal of International Oral Health, 5 (1), 88-97. Kux, L. (2012). Determination that DURANEST (etidocaine hydrochloride) injection, 0.5%, and five other DURANEST drug products were not withdrawn from sale for reasons of safety or effectiveness . Retrieved from https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2012/03/13/2012- 6039/ determination-that-duranest-etidocaine-hydrochloride-injection-05-and-five-other-duranest-drug Laskin, J. L., Wallace, W. R., & DeLeo, B. (1977). Use of bupivacaine hydrochloride in oral surgery – A clinical study. Journal of Oral Surgery, 35 (1), 25-29. Lathan, S. R. 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