about the pharmacology and current state of both medicinal and recreational marijuana use. The impact of this drug has specific consequences on oral pathology, drug interactions, oral Resources Helpful Websites and Literature to Enhance Further Learning Centers for Disease Control and Prevention The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) provides up-to-date information to identify and address the public health impacts of marijuana use and improve knowledge about the health effects of marijuana use. The CDC’s goals are threefold: (a) to increase the capacity of CDC and state and local jurisdictions to monitor use patterns and the public health effects of marijuana use through existing surveillance systems; (b) to increase the capacity to identify, monitor, and evaluate effective public health and regulatory practices and policies to prevent marijuana-related harms; and (c) to support state and local efforts to create and disseminate evidence-based information describing the health effects of marijuana. Website: https://www.cdc.gov/marijuana/index.htm National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health The National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health is the federal government’s lead agency for scientific research on the diverse medical and healthcare systems, practices, and products that are not generally considered part of conventional medicine. The National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health was formerly known as the National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine . Website: https://nccih.nih.gov/health/marijuana National Institute on Drug Abuse The National Institute on Drug Abuse aims to advance science on the causes and consequences of drug use and addiction and to apply that knowledge to improve individual and public health. The Institute strategically supports and conducts basic and clinical research on drug use (including nicotine), its consequences, and the underlying neurobiological, behavioral, and social mechanisms involved. The National Institute on Drug Abuse also works to ensure the effective translation, implementation, and dissemination of scientific research findings to improve efforts to prevent and treat substance use disorders and enhance public awareness of addiction as a brain disorder. Website: https://www.drugabuse.gov References Abel, E. (1980). Marihuana [sic]: The first twelve thousand years . Springer. Abrams, D. I. (2016). Using medical cannabis in an oncology practice. Oncology, 30 (5), 397-404. Abrams, D. I., Couey, P., Shade, S. B., Kelly, M. E., & Benowitz, N. L. (2011). Cannabinoid- opioid interaction in chronic pain. Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 90 (6), 844-851. https://doi.org/10.1038/clpt.2011.188. Adejumo, A. C., Alliu, S., Ajayi, T. O., Adejumo, K. L., Adegbala, O. M., Onyeakusi, N. E., … Bukong, T. N. (2017). Cannabis use is associated with reduced prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: A cross-sectional study. PLOS ONE, 12 (4), e0176416. Agrawal, A., & Lynsky, M. (2013). Cannabis controversies: How genetics can inform the study of comorbidity. Addiction, 109 (3), 360-370. American Dental Association. (2019). Cannabis: Oral health effects. https://www.ada.org/en/ member-center/oral-health-topics/cannabis American Heritage Dictionary. (2019). As * sas * sin. https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search. html?q=assassin&submit.x=33&submit.y=20 American Lung Association. (2019). Marijuana and lung health. https://www.lung.org/stop-smoking/smoking-facts/marijuana-and-lung- health.html Aminoshariae, A., Kulild, J. C., Donaldson, M., & Hersch, E. (2016). Evidence-based recommendations for analgesic efficacy to treat pain of endodontic origin: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Journal of the American Dental Association, 147 (10), 826-839. Annas, G. J. (1997). Reefer madness – The federal response to California’s medical- marijuana law. New England Journal of Medicine, 337 (6), 435-439. Appendino, G., Gibbons, S., Giana, A., Pagani, A., Grassi, G., Stavri, M., … Rahman, M. (2008). Antibacterial cannabinoids from Cannabis sativa: A structure-activity study. Journal of Natural Products, 71 (8), 1427-1430. Auther, A. M., Cadenhead, K. S., Carrión, R. E., Addington, J., Bearden, C. E., Cannon, T. D., … Tsuang, M. (2015). Alcohol confounds relationship between cannabis misuse and psychosis conversion in a high-risk sample. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 132 (1), 60-68. Babson, K. A., Sottile, J., & Morabito, D. (2017). Cannabis, cannabinoids, and sleep: A review of the literature. [Abstract]. Current Psychiatry Reports, 19 (4), 23. https://doi. org/10.1007/s11920-017-0775-9. Baca, Q. J., & Golan, D. E. (2017). Pharmacodynamics. In D. E. Golan, E. J. Armstrong, & A. W. Armstrong, Principles of pharmacology: The pathophysiologic basis of drug therapy (4th ed., pp. 17-27). Wolters Kluwer. Badowski, M. E. (2017). A review of oral cannabinoids and medical marijuana for the treatment of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting: A focus on pharmacokinetic variability and pharmacodynamics. Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology, 80 (3), 441- 449. Badowski, M. E., & Yanful, P. K. (2018). Dronabinol oral solution in the management of anorexia and weight loss in AIDS and cancer. Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management, 14, 643-651. Bagot, K., Milin, R., & Kaminer, Y. (2015). Adolescent initiation of cannabis use and early- onset psychosis. Substance Abuse, 36 (4), 524- 533. Barber, K. (2018). The legalization of marijuana: “Be prepared.” Journal of Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery, 22 (5), 461-463.
health care, and the overall level of care to be safely delivered to patients.
U.S. National Library of Medicine: MedlinePlus MedlinePlus is the National Institutes of Health’s website for patients and their families and friends. Produced by the National Library of Medicine, the world’s largest medical library, it provides information about diseases, conditions, and wellness issues in language that is easy to understand. MedlinePlus offers reliable, current health information. Website: https://medlineplus.gov/marijuana.html Washington State Department of Health Washington was one of the first states to legalize marijuana. Washington Initiative 502 passed in November of 2012 and went into effect on July 1, 2015. The legislation directed the Washington State Department of Health to implement a marijuana use public health hotline that provides referrals to substance abuse treatment providers, utilizes evidence-based or research-based public health approaches to minimizing the harms associated with marijuana use, and does not solely advocate an abstinence-only approach; a grants program for local health departments or other local community agencies that supports development and implementation of coordinated intervention strategies for the prevention and reduction of marijuana use by youth; and media-based education campaigns across television, Internet, radio, print, and out-of-home advertising, separately reaching youth and adults, that provide medically and scientifically accurate information about the health and safety risks posed by marijuana use. Website: https://www.doh.wa.gov/YouandYourFamily/Marijuana In addition to electronic resources, the reader is also directed to more traditional textbooks that focus specifically on medicinal marijuana: ● Backes, M. (2017). Cannabis pharmacy: The practical guide to medical marijuana – Revised and updated (1st ed.). Hachette Book Group. ● Fahl, J. (2017). Medical marijuana: Complete guide to pain management and treatment using Cannabis (anxiety, cancer, symptoms, illness, epilepsy, CBD oil, hemp oil, cures, growing, dispensary, cannabinoids (1st ed.). CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. ● Moskowitz, M. H. (2017). Medical Cannabis: A guide for patients, practitioners, and caregivers (1st ed.). Koehler Books. Bensky, D., & Gamble, A. (1993). Chinese herbal medicine: Materia medica . Eastland Press. Berger, S. S., & Conway, B. (2017, November). Cannabis chairside primer. RDH, 68-74. http:// digital.rdhmag.com/rdhmag/201711? pg=NaN#pgNaN Berman, A., & Flannery, M. (2001). American botanical-medical movements: Vox populi. Haworth Press. Bisogno, T., Hanus, L., De Petrocellis, L., Tchilibon, S., Ponde, D., Brandi, I., … Di Marzo, V. (2001). Molecular targets for cannabidiol and its synthetic analogues: Effect on vanilloid VR1 receptors and on the cellular uptake and enzymatic hydrolysis of anandamide. British Journal of Pharmacology, 134 (4), 845-852. Blanco, C., Hasin, D. S., Wall, M. M., Flórez-Salamanca, L., Hoertel, N., Wang, S., … Olfson, M. (2016). Cannabis use and risk of psychiatric disorders: Prospective evidence from a US national longitudinal study. JAMA Psychiatry, 73 (4), 388-395. Block, R., Erwin, W., Farinpour, R., & Braverman, K. (1998). Sedative, stimulant, and other subjective effects of marijuana: Relationships to smoking techniques. Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior, 59 (2), 405-412. Boden, M. T., Babson, K. A., Vujanovic, A. A., Short, N. A., & Bonn-Miller, M. O. (2013). Posttraumatic stress disorder and cannabis use characteristics among military veterans with cannabis dependence. American Journal of Addiction, 22 (3), 277-284. Boychuk D. G., Goddard, G., Maurio, G., & Orellana, M. F. (2015). The effectiveness of cannabinoids in the management of chronic nonmalignant neuropathic pain: A systematic review. Journal of Oral & Facial Pain and Headache, 29 (1), 7-14. Bricker, J. B., Russo, J., Stein, M. B., Sherbourne, C., Craske, M., Schraufnagel, T. J., & Roy- Byrne, P. (2007). Does occasional cannabis use impact anxiety and depression treatment outcomes? Results from a randomized effectiveness trial. Depression and Anxiety, 24 (6), 392-398. Brill, N. Q., Crumpton, E., Frank, I. M., Hochman, J. S., Lomax, P., McGlothlin, W. H., & West, L. J. (1970). The marijuana problem. Annals of Internal Medicine, 73 (3), 449-465. Buckner, J. D., Ecker, A. H., & Dean, K. E. (2016). Solitary cannabis use frequency mediates the relationship between social anxiety and cannabis use and related problems. American Journal of Addiction, 25 (2), 99-104. Cairns, E. A., Baldridge, W. H., & Kelly, M. E. (2016). The endocannabinoid system as a therapeutic target in glaucoma. Neural Plasticity, 9364091. https://doi. org/10.1155/2016/9364091. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019). Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): Healthcare settings – Preventing the spread of MRSA. https://www.cdc.gov/ mrsa/healthcare/index.html Chagas, M. H., Zuardi, A. W., Tumas, V., Pena-Pereira, M. A., Sobreira, E. T., Bergamaschi, M. M., … Crippa, J. A. (2014). Effects of cannabidiol in the treatment of patients with Parkinson’s disease: An exploratory double-blind trial. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 28 (11), 1088-1098. Chang, Z., Bian, Y., He, Q., Yao, J., Zhu, J., Wu, J., … Duan, T. (2017). Suppression of STAT3 signaling by Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) induces trophoblast dysfunction. Cellular Physiology and Biochemistry, 42 (2), 537-550.
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