281 Nursing Care of the Postmenopausal Woman, 3rd Edition
Criteria for Contraceptive Use. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 65 (3), 1-104. • FSRH Clinical Effectiveness Unit. (2019). FSRH clinical guideline: Contraception for women aged over 40 years (August 2017, amended September 2019). Faculty of Sexual and Reproductive Healthcare. https://www.fsrh.org/standards-and-guidance/ documents/fsrh-guidance- contraception-for-women-aged-over-40- years-2017/ • Goetsch, M. F., Garg, B., Lillemon, J., & Clark, A. (2022). Where does postmenopausal dyspareunia hurt? A cross-sectional report. Menopause: The Journal of the North American Menopause Society, 29 (6), 646-653. doi: 10.1097/GME.0000000000001956 • Kingsberg, S. A., & Faubion, S. S. (2019). Sexual function and dysfunction in midlife women. In Carolyn J. Crandall (Ed.), Menopause practice: A clinician’s guide (6th ed.; pp. 82-90). North American Menopause Society. • Kingsberg, S. A., Larkin, L. C., & Hiu, J. H. (2020). Clinical effects of early or surgical menopause. Obstetrics and Gynecology, 135 (4), 853- 868. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000003729 • Kingsberg, S. A., Schaffir, J., Faught, B. M., Pinkerton, J. A. V., Parish, S. J., Iglesia, C. B., Gudeman, J., Krop, J., & Simon, J. A. (2019). Female sexual health: Barriers to optimal outcomes and a roadmap for improved patient–clinician communications. Journal of Women’s Health , 28 (4), 432-443. https://doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2018.7352 • Masters, W. H., & Johnson, V. E. (1966). The human sexual response. Little, Brown. • North American Menopause Society. (2022). Other body changes affecting sexuality. https://www.menopause.org/for-women/sexual-
health- menopause-online/changes-at-midlife/other-body-changes- affecting-sexuality • Perez-Herrezuelo, I., Aibar-Almazan, A., Martinez-Amat, A., Fabrega- Cuadros, R., Diaz-Mohedo, E., Wangensteen, R., & Hita-Contreras, F. (2020). Female sexual function and its association with the severity of menopause-related symptoms. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17 (7235). doi: 10.3390/ ijerph17197235 • Ricoy-Cano, A. J., Obrero-Gaitan, E., Caravaca-Sanchez, F., & De La Fuente-Robles, Y. M. (2020). Factors conditioning sexual behavior in older adults: A systematic review of qualitative studies. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9 (1716). doi: 10.3390/jcm9061716 • Valeiro, C., Matos, C., Scholl, J., & van Hunsel, F. (2022). Drug- induced sexual dysfunction: An analysis of reports to a national pharmacovigilance database. Drug Safety, 45 (6), 639-650. doi: 10.1007/s40264-022-01174-3 • World Health Organization (WHO). (2022a). Redefining sexual health for benefits throughout life. https://www.who.int/news/item/11-02- 2022-redefining-sexual-health-for-benefits-throughout-life • World Health Organization (WHO). (2022b). Sexual health is a state of physical, emotional, mental and social wellbeing. https://www. who.int/multi-media/details/sexual-health-is-a-state-of-physical- emotional-mental-and-social-wellbeing • Zhong, Q., & Anderson, Y. (2022, May 5). Management of hypertension with female sexual dysfunction. Medicina (Kaunas), 58 (5), 637. doi: 10.3390/medicina58050637; PMID: 35630054; PMCID: PMC9143081
CHAPTER 2: PERIODIC SCREENING AT MIDLIFE AND BEYOND
Learning outcomes After completing this chapter, the learner will be able to: Differentiate between primordial, primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary prevention. Summarize the various screening tests needed for women of middle age and beyond. Explain how often the various screening tests should be performed. INTRODUCTION Periodic screening for early detection of diseases has reduced the mortality and morbidity of women during middle age. A particular screening test is offered based on its validity and reliability and whether the cost of the test is less than the cost of the disease. A comprehensive history and physical examination are only one part of preventive screening. This chapter will describe the various screening tests that should be performed periodically on women of middle age and beyond.
TYPES OF PREVENTION Nurses identify, educate, prevent, and treat as they use a wide range of tech- niques to engage in reducing the risk of diseases in populations. There are now five types of prevention—primordial, pri - mary, secondary, tertiary, and quaterna- ry—that nurses use on a regular basis to help patients maintain optimal health. Primordial Primordial prevention was first de - scribed in 1978 and was the type most recently added to the list of prevention strategies. This prevention focuses on so- cial and environmental conditions target- ed at entire populations. This type of pre- vention is often promoted through laws and national/state policy. It is often aimed at children to reduce the risk of disease and harm as much as possible. An exam- ple of this is building safe sidewalks in a community to encourage physical activity. This, in turn, could decrease the risk for obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and so on (Kisling & Das, 2022).
Powered by FlippingBook