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GEORGIA Barber Continuing Education
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What’s Inside
THIS COURSE FULFILLS YOUR GEORGIA HEALTH AND SAFETY REQUIREMENT Chapter 1: Georgia TCSG Health and Safety (Mandatory)
1
[3 CE hours] Understanding that normal skin is composed of keratin, slightly acidic in pH, and is waterproof will help in learning the histology of skin disease and disorders.
Chapter 2: Shaping, Styling and Maintaining Wigs and Hairpieces
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[2 CE hours] Most wigs and hairpieces will have much more hair density, than an average head of hair. We may need to remove unnecessary bulk, along with an excess of length. This course will identify he appropriate cutting instruments to use on human hair wigs and synthetic pieces and explain the different effects achieved when using a razor on human hair wigs and hair pieces. Additionally, this course will explain the basic fundamental principles in cleaning and repairing a wig or hairpiece and illustrate the appropriate method to put on a man’s toupee or hairpiece.
Final Examination Answer Sheet
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©2024: All Rights Reserved. Materials may not be reproduced without the expressed written permission or consent of Colibri Healthcare, LLC. The materials presented in this course are meant to provide the consumer with general information on the topics covered. The information provided was prepared by professionals with practical knowledge in the areas covered. It is not meant to provide medical, legal or professional services advice. Colibri Healthcare, LLC recommends that you consult a medical, legal or professional services expert licensed in your state. Colibri Healthcare, LLC has made all reasonable efforts to ensure that all content provided in this course is accurate and up to date at the time of printing, but does not represent or warrant that it will apply to your situation or circumstances and assumes no liability from reliance on these materials. i BARBER CONTINUING EDUCATION Book Code: BBGA0524
What are the requirements for license renewal? Licenses Expire Frequently Asked Questions
CE Hours Required
Mandatory Subjects
5 (All hours are allowed through home study)
Biennial renewals are due on December 31
3 hours of Georgia health and safety
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Chapter 1: Georgia TCSG Health and Safety (Mandatory)
BBGA0524
Chapter 2: Shaping, Styling and Maintaining Wigs and Hairpieces
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How do I complete this course and receive my certificate of completion? See the following page for step by step instructions to complete and receive your certificate. Are you an Georgia board-approved provider? Colibri Healthcare, LLC is an approved provider with the Georgia State Board of Cosmetology and Barbers (Provider #CEP-000243). Are my hours reported to the Georgia board? No. The board performs random audits at which time proof of continuing eduction must be provided. Is my information secure? Yes! We use SSL encryption, and we never share your information with third-parties. We are also rated A+ by the National Better Business Bureau. What if I still have questions? What are your business hours? No problem, we have several options for you to choose from! Online at EliteLearning.com/Barber you will see our robust FAQ section that answers many of your questions, simply click FAQs at the top of the page, e-mail us at office@elitelearning.com, or call us toll free at 1-866-344-0970, Monday - Friday 9:00 am - 6:00 pm EST. and Saturday 10:00 am - 4:00 pm EST. Important information for licensees: Always check your state’s board website to determine the number of hours required for renewal, mandatory topics (as these are subject to change), and the amount that may be completed through home-study. Also, make sure that you notify the board of any changes of address. It is important that your most current address is on file. Disclosures Resolution of conflict of interest Colibri Healthcare, LLC implemented mechanisms prior to the planning and implementation of the continuing education activity, to identify and resolve conflicts of interest for all individuals in a position to control content of the course activity. Sponsorship/commercial support and non-endorsement It is the policy of Colibri Healthcare, LLC not to accept commercial support. Furthermore, commercial interests are prohibited from distributing or providing access to this activity to learners.
Licensing board contact information: Georgia State Board of Cosmetology and Barbers 237 Coliseum Drive | Macon, GA 31217 | Phone: (404) 424-9966 I Fax: (866) 888-1176 Website: https://sos.ga.gov/georgia-state-board-cosmetology-and-barbers
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Book Code: BBGA0524
BARBER CONTINUING EDUCATION
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iii
BARBER CONTINUING EDUCATION
Book code: BBGA0524
Chapter 1: Georgia TCSG Health and Safety (Mandatory) 3 CE Hours
Copyright ©October 2002-2015 State of Georgia All rights reserved. No part of this manual may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission from the Technical
College System of Georgia. Developed for the Georgia State Board of Cosmetology and the Georgia State Barber Board by the Technical College System of Georgia Formerly the Georgia Department of Technical and Adult Education (DTAE) Publication #C121002, Published December 2002, Revised November 2008.
COURSE TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION 1: SKIN, DISEASES, DISORDERS ● Anatomy and Histology of the Skin
● Risk Factors and Behaviors ● Personal Protective Equipment SECTION 3: DECONTAMINATION & STERILIZATION ● Common Questions ● HIV ● Precautions SECTION 4: DECONTAMINATION AND INFECTION CONTROL ● Professional Salon Environment ● Safety Precautions ● Material Safety Data Sheet (M.S.D.S.) ● Organizing an M.S.D.S. Notebook SECTION 5: GEORGIA STATE BOARD OF COSMETOLOGY SANITARY REGULATIONS FOR SALONS AND SCHOOLS SECTION 6: APPENDIX A - GEORGIA STATE BOARD OF COSMETOLOGY GLOSSARY OF LEGAL DEFINITIONS
○ Nerves of the Skin ○ Glands of the Skin ○ Nourishment of the Skin ○ Functions of the Skin ○ Terminology
● Diseases and Disorders
○ Skin Conditions/Descriptions ○ Nail Diseases/Disorders ○ Hair Disease/Disorders SECTION 2: BLOODBORNE PATHOGENS ● What are Bloodborne Pathogens? ● Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) ● Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) ● Signs and Symptoms ● Transmission ● Transmission Routes
SECTION 1: SKIN, DISEASES, DISORDERS
Table of contents Skin, Diseases, Disorders ● Introduction ● Objectives Anatomy and histology of the skin
● Nourishment of the Skin ● Functions of the Skin ● Terminology Diseases and Disorders: ● Skin Conditions/Descriptions ● Nail Diseases/Disorders ● Hair Disease/Disorders
● Nerves of the Skin ● Glands of the Skin
Introduction The flexible, waterproof, tough protective covering known as the skin is the largest organ in the body both by weight and surface area. Skin accounts for approximately 16% of the body’s weight. Healthy skin has a fine texture that is slightly moist, soft, and flexible. Varying in thickness, the skin is thinnest on the eyelids and thickest on the palms and soles. A callous can be caused by continuous friction on any part of the skin. Learning objectives Upon completion of this course, trainees will be able to: Explain the structure and the composition of the skin. Identify the functions of the skin. Describe terms relating to skin disorders.
The skin has appendages that include the hair, sweat and oil glands, and the nails. Composed of the substance known as keratin, this protein gives the skin its protective ability. The skin is slightly acidic in pH, which enables good immunity responses to intruding organisms. Normally the skin separates the internal environment from the external. However skin diseases and infections can invade that barrier. For this reason, a thorough understanding of the histology of the skin and its diseases and disorders is needed for a better position to give clients professional advice.
Recognize which skin diseases/disorders may be dealt with in the salon and which should be referred to a physician. Identify online dermatology resources.
ANATOMY AND HISTOLOGY OF THE SKIN
The two major divisions of the skin are the dermis and the epidermis. The outermost layer of the skin is the epidermis that is composed of sheets of dead cells that serve as the major waterproof barrier to the environment. The epidermis
is the visible layer of skin. This layer contains numerous nerve endings, but no blood vessels. The human epidermis is renewed every 15-30 days.
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acts as a protective cushion for the outer skin. Arteries and lymphatics maintain circulation to the body. Nerves of the skin Sensory nerves are receptors and send messages to the brain causing reactions to heat, cold, touch, pressure, and pain. Motor nerve fibers, attached to the hair follicles, are distributed to the arrector pilli muscles which may cause goose flesh when you are frightened or cold. The secretory nerve fibers regulate the excretion of perspiration from the sweat glands and regulate the flow of sebum to the surface of the skin. Glands of the skin There are two types of duct glands contained in the skin that pull out minerals from the blood to create new substances. The suderiferous glands are the sweat glands and the sebaceous glands are the oil glands. Sweat glands excrete perspiration. This secretion is odorless when excreted, but in a short period of time produces an offensive odor due to the bacteria on the skin’s surface feeding on the fats of its secretion. Perspiration is controlled by the nervous system. About 1-2 pints of liquid containing salts are excreted daily through the sweat pores in the skin. The sweat glands consist of a coiled base or fundus and a tube-like duct that ends at the skin surface forming the pores. Sweat glands are more numerous on the palms, soles, forehead, and armpits. Body temperature is regulated by the sweat glands that also aid in the elimination of waste. Oil glands secrete sebum through little sacs whose ducts open in to the hair follicles. These glands are found in all parts of the body with the exception of the palms and soles. The oily substance produced by the oil glands is called sebum. Sebum lubricates the skin and preserves the pliability of the hair. When the duct becomes clogged with hardened sebum, a blackhead is formed. Nourishment of the skin Blood and lymph circulate through the skin providing nourishment essential for growth and repair of the skin, hair, and nails. Functions of the skin The major functions of the skin are sensation, heat regulation, absorption, protection, excretion, and secretion. The functions of the skin can easily be remembered using the acronym SHAPES: ● S ensation: Response to heat, cold, pressure, and pain. ● H eat regulation: Maintains body temperature of 98.6. ● A bsorption: Substances can enter the body through the skin and affect it to a minor degree. ● P rotection: From bacterial invasion. ● E xcretion: Sweat glands excrete perspiration. ● S ecretion: Sebum is secreted by the sebaceous glands. ● Prognosis : foretelling of the probable course of a disease. ● Objective symptom : visible symptom. ● Subjective symptom : symptom that can be felt by client, but not by observation. ● Acute : rapid onset with severe symptoms of short duration. ● Chronic : long duration, usually mild, but often recurring. ● Infectious : invasion of body tissue by bacteria that cause disease. ● Contagious : communicable; by contact. ● Occupational : due to certain kinds of employment. ● Seasonal : influenced by weather. ● Parasitic : caused by vegetable or animal parasites.
The epidermis consists of many layers. The stratum corneum is the outer layer that is often called the horny layer. Cells are continually being shed and replaced. This layer of skin for the most part is dead – it is composed of cells that are almost pure protein. The stratum lucidum consists of translucent cells through which light can penetrate. The stratum granulosum, known as the granular layer, consists of cells that resemble granules. These cells are transforming into a harder form of protein. The stratum mucosum is also known as the basal cell layer. Basal cells are continuously being reproduced. It is the deepest layer of the epidermis. This layer also contains melanocytes that produce the coloring matter known as melanin and determines skin color. Melanocytes also react to ultraviolet rays to darken the skin for added protection. The middle layer, the dermis, provides a tough, flexible foundation for the epidermis. In the dermis, body temperature is regulated by sweat glands and blood vessels. It also contains arector pilli muscles, papillae, and hair follicles. Nerve endings send sensations of pain, itching, touch, and temperature to the brain. The skin is moisturized by oil glands that produce sebum. The dermis consists of two layers. The papillary layer connects the dermis to the epidermis. Tactile corpuscles are nerve fiber endings that contain looped capillaries. Tactile corpuscles are responsible for the sense of touch. The papillary layer also contains some of the melanin. The reticular layer is the deepest layer of the dermis. It contains fat cells, blood vessels, lymph vessels, oil glands, sweat glands, hair follicles, and arrector pilli muscles. The reticular layer supplies the skin with oxygen and nutrients. Subcutaneous tissue is the fatty layer found below the dermis. It is also called the adipose or the subcutis tissue. It varies in thickness according to age, sex, and general health of the individual. The subcutaneous tissue contains fats for energy, gives smoothness and contour to the body, and Terminology ● Dermatology : study of the skin, its nature, functions, and treatment. ● Dermatologist : a medical skin specialist. ● Disease : a pathological condition of the body, organ, or mind making it incapable of carrying on normal functions. ● Disorder : abnormal condition usually not contagious. ● Immunity : freedom from or resistance to disease. ● Integumentary system : one of the 10 systems of the body; pertains to the skin, its appendages and functions. ● Pathology : study of disease. ● Etiology : study of the causes of diseases. ● Trichology : study of hair. ● Diagnosis : recognition of a disease by its symptoms.
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● Blepharoplasty : eyelid surgery. ● Chemical peel : chemical solution applied to skin areas causing a mild, controlled burn of the skin. ● Rhinoplasty : plastic surgery of the nose. ● Mentoplasty : chin surgery. ● Dermabrasion : sandblasting irregularities of the skin. ● Injectable fillers : tiny injections of collagen to soften wrinkles. ● Retin–A : prescription cream used in the treatment of acne.
● Pathogenic : produced by disease causing bacteria. ● Systemic : due to over or under functioning of the internal glands. ● Venereal disease : acquired by sexual contact. ● Epidemic : emergence of a disease that affects a large number of people simultaneously. ● Allergy : reaction due to extreme sensitivity to normally harmless substances. ● Inflammation : skin disorder characterized by redness, pain, edema, and heat. ● Rhytidectomy : face lift.
DISEASES AND DISORDERS
● Pimples: Follicle filled with oil, dead cells, and bacteria inflammation causes white blood cells to rush to fight bacteria creating a pus. Disorders of the sudoriferous glands ● Bromidrosis: Osmidrosis=foul-smelling perspiration. ● Anhidrosis: Lack of perspiration. ● Hyperhidrosis: Excessive perspiration. ● Miliaria Rubra: Prickly heat-eruptions of small red vesicles accompanied by burning and itching; caused by excessive heat. Hypertrophies ● Keratoma: Callus; superficial, round, thickening of the epidermis caused by friction (inward growth is called a corn). ● Mole: A small, brown spot believed to be inherited; may be flat or deeply seated; pale tan-brown or bluish black. ● Verruca: Wart, a viral infection of the epidermis; benign. ● Skin Tag: Bead-like fibrous tissue that stands away from the flat surface; often a dark color. ● Polyp: Growth that extends from the surface or may also grow with the body. Inflammations ● Eczema: Dry or moist lesions accompanied by itching, burning, and various other unpleasant sensations usually red, blistered, and oozing. ● Psoriasis: Rarely on the face, lesions are round, dry patches covered with coarse, silvery scales; if irritated, bleeding points occur; may be spread to larger area but not contagious. ● Herpes Simplex/Herpes Zoster = Shingles: Fever blisters/cold sores; single group of vesicles on a red swollen base. Allergy related dermatitis ● Dermatitis Venenata: Allergy to ingredients in cosmetics; protection is the prevention; gloves, etc. ● Dermatitis Medicamentosa: Dermatitis that occurs after an injection of a substance. ● Urticaria: Hives: inflammation caused by an allergy to specific drugs/foods. Primary skin lesions ● Macule: Small, discolored spot or patch on the skin’s surface, neither raised nor sunkenex: freckles. ● Papule: Small elevated pimple containing no fluid, but may have pus. Note: Yellow or white fatty papules around the eyes indicate an elevated cholesterol level; refer to a physician (xanthelasma). ● Wheal: Itchy, swollen lesion that lasts only a few hours ex: mosquito bite. ● Tubercle: Solid lump larger than a papule; projects above the skin or lies with it; sized from pea to hickory nut. ● Tumor: External swelling-varies in size, shape and color. ● Vesicle: Blister with clear fluid-lie within or just beneath the epidermis-ex: poison ivy.
In a salon, you will come in contact with diseases and disorders of the skin and its appendages: the hair and nails. Your license requires you to be responsible for the recognition of potentially infections diseases. Some disorders can be treated in cooperation with and under the supervision of a physician. SKIN CONDITIONS/DESCRIPTIONS WARNING: NEVER TRY TO DIAGNOSE A DISEASE; ALWAYS REFER TO A PHYSICIAN NOTE : COLOR CHANGES, A CRACK ON THE SKIN, A TYPE OF THICKENING, OR ANY DISCOLORATION, RANGING FROM SHADES OF RED TO BROWN AND PURPLE TO ALMOST BLACK, MAY BE SIGNS OF DANGER AND SHOULD BE EXAMINED BY A DERMATOLOGIST. CAUTION: DO NOT TREAT OR REMOVE HAIR FROM MOLES Pigmented lesions ● Lentigo: Small, yellow to brown spots. ● Chloasma: Moth patches, liver spots = increased deposits of pigment. ● Naevus: Birthmark (portwine or strawberry) small-large malformation of skin due to pigmentation or dilated capillaries. ● Leucoderma: Abnormal light patches due to congenital defective pigmentations. ● Vitiligo: Acquired condition of leucoderma; may affect skin or hair. ● Albinism: Congenital absence of melanin pigment. ● Stain: Abnormal, brown, skin patches having a circular and irregular shape. Disorders of the sebaceous glands ● Comedones: Blackheads, a worm-like mass of keratinized cells and hardened sebum. ● Milia: Whiteheads, an accumulation of dead, keratinized cells and sebaceous matter trapped beneath the skin. ● Acne Simplex: Chronic inflammatory disorder usually related to hormonal changes and overactive sebaceous glands. ● Acne Vulgaris: Acne-pimples. ● Acne Rosacea: Chronic inflammatory congestion of the cheeks and nose. ● Seborrhea/Seborrhea Oleosa = Oily Dandruff: Overactive sebaceous glands; often the basis of acne. ● Steatoma: Wen or sebaceous cyst (subcutaneous tumor) ranges in size from a pea to an orange. ● Asteatosis: Dry, scaly skin characterized by absolute or partial deficiency of sebum. ● Furuncle: Boil - a subcutaneous abscess that fills with pus. ● Cysts: Sac-like, elevated (usually round) area, contains liquid or semi-liquid substance; when a follicle ruptures deep within the dermis and irritating oil and dead cells seep into the surrounding tissues often cause acne pits.
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● Tinea Corporis: Ringworm of the hand. ● Tinea Pedia: Ringworm of the foot. ● Agnail: Hangnail.
● Bulla: Blister containing a watery fluid; larger than a vesicle. ● Pustule: Elevation with inflamed base, containing pus. ● Secondary Skin Lesions ● Scale: Accumulation of epidermal flakes, dry or greasy; for example, abnormal dandruff. ● Crust: Accumulation of serum and pus mixed with epidermal material; for example, scab. ● Excoriation: Abrasion produced by scratching or scraping; for example, raw surface after injury. ● Fissure: Crack in the skin penetrating into the dermis. ● Ulcer: Open lesion on skin or mucous membrane, accompanied by pus and loss of skin depth. Acne scars ● Ice pick scar: Large, visible, open pores that look as if the skin has been jabbed with an ice pick; follicle always looks open; caused by deep pimple or cyst. ● Acne pit scar: Slightly sunken or depressed appearance; caused by pimples/cysts that have destroyed the skin and formed scar tissue. ● Acne raised scar: Lumpy mass of raised tissue on the surface of the skin; caused where cysts have clumped together. Contagious disorders Ringworm, due to fungi (plant or vegetable parasites) small reddened patch of little blisters that spread outward and heal in the middle with scaling. ● Tinea ● Tinea Capitis - Ringworm of Scalp ● Tinea Sycosis - Barber’s Itch CAUTION! NEVER ATTEMPT TO DIAGNOSE BUMPS, LESIONS, ULCERATIONS, OR DISCOLORATIONS AS SKIN CANCER, BUT YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO RECOGNIZE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF SERIOUS SKIN DISORDERS AND SUGGEST THAT THE CLIENT SEE A PHYSICIAN OR DERMATOLOGIST. Extremely serious disorders-skin cancers ● Basal Cell Carcinoma: Least malignant; most common skin cancer characterized by light or pearly nodules and visible blood vessels. ● Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Scaly, red papules; blood vessels are not visible more serious than basal cell. ● Malignant Melanoma: Most serious; characterized by dark brown, black, or discolored patches on the skin. ● Tumor: Abnormal growth of swollen tissue. NAIL DISEASES/DISORDERS ● Onychophagy: Nail biting. ● Onychogryposis: Overcurvature of the nail; clawlike. ● Pterygium: Sticky overgrowth of the cuticle. ● Eggshell Nail: Extremely thin nail. ● Leuconychia: White spots under the nail plate. ● Paronychia: Bacterial inflammation of tissue (perionychium) around the nail. ● Tinea Favosa - Honeycomb Ringworm ● Tinea Unguium - Ringworm of Nails ● Athlete’s Foot - Ringworm of Feet
● Onychia: An inflammation somewhere in the nail. ● Onychocyanosis: Blue nail (usually caused by poor circulation). ● Hematoma Nail: Bruised nail (usually caused by a hammer or slammed door). ● Tinea Unguium: Onychomycosis; ringworm of the nail. ● Onychorrexis: Split or brittle nails with a series of lengthwise ridges. ● Beau’s Lines: Ridges/corrugations/furrows. ● Onychatrophia: Atrophy or wasting away of the nail. ● Onychocryptosis: Ingrown nail. ● Onychauxis: Overgrowth of the nail plate. ● Onychosis: Any nail disease. ● Onychophosis: Accumulation of horny layers of epidermis under the nail. HAIR DISEASE/DISORDERS ● Pityriasis Capitis Simplex: Dry dandruff. ● Pityriasis Capitis Steatoids Seborrhea Oleosa = Oily Dandruff: Greasy dandruff. ● Tinea Favosa: Honeycomb ringworm. ● Tinea Capitis: Ringworm of the scalp. ● Tinea Sycosis: Barber’s itch. ● Androgenetic Alopecia: Common hereditary hair loss. ● Alopecia Adnata: Loss of hair shortly after birth. ● Alopecia Areata: Hair loss in patches. ● Alopecia Follicularis: Hair loss caused by inflammation of hair follicles. ● Alopecia Prematura: Hair loss early in life. ● Alopecia Senilis: Hair loss from old age. ● Alopecia Totalis: Hair loss from entire scalp. ● Alopecia Universalis: Hair loss from entire body. ● Traction/Traumatic Alopecia: Patchy hair loss sometimes due to repetitive traction on the hair by pulling or twisting. ● Postpartum Alopecia: Temporary hair loss at the conclusion of pregnancy. ● Telogen Effluven: Hair loss during the telogen phase of the hair growth cycle. ● Canities: Gray hair. ● Pediculosis Capitis: Head lice. ● Monilithrix: Beaded hair. ● Fragilitis Crinium: Brittle hair. ● Trichoptilosis: Split hair ends. ● Trichorrehexis Nodosa: Knotted. ● Hirsuities/Hypertrichosis: Superfluous hair, excessive. ● Scabies: Contagious disease caused by the itch mite. ● Impetigo/Infantigo: Highly contagious bacterial infection, usually staphylococcal. ● Discoid Lupus Erythematosus (DLE): Chronic autoimmune disorder, causes red often scarring plaques, hair loss, and internal effects. ● Keloids: Forms when excess collagen forms at the site of a healing scar; overhealing. ● Asteatosis: Excessive dry skin.
WARNING: NEVER TRY TO DIAGNOSE A DISEASE; ALWAYS REFER TO A PHYSICIAN NOTE : COLOR CHANGES, A CRACK ON THE SKIN, A TYPE OF THICKENING, OR ANY DISCOLORATION, RANGING FROM SHADES OF RED TO BROWN AND PURPLE TO ALMOST BLACK, MAY BE SIGNS OF DANGER AND SHOULD BE EXAMINED BY A DERMATOLOGIST. CAUTION: DO NOT TREAT OR REMOVE HAIR FROM MOLES
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SKIN DISEASES/DISORDER
Condition/Disease/Disorder Description
Pigmented Lesions
Lentigo
Small, yellow to brown spots.
Chloasma
Moth patches, liver spots = increased deposits of pigment.
Naevus
Birthmark (portwine or strawberry) small-large malformation of skin due to pigmentation or dilated capillaries.
Leucoderma
Abnormal light patches due to congenital defective pigmentations.
Vitiligo
Acquired condition of leucoderma – may affect skin or hair.
Albinism
Congenital absence of melanin pigment.
Stain
Abnormal, brown, skin patches having a circular and irregular shape. Disorders of the Sebaceous Glands Blackheads, a worm-like mass of keratinized cells and hardened sebum.
Comedones
Milia
Whiteheads, an accumulation of dead, keratinized cells and sebaceous matter trapped beneath the skin.
Acne Simplex
Chronic inflammatory disorder usually related to hormonal changes and overactive sebaceous glands.
Acne Vulgaris
Acne - pimples.
Acne Rosacea
Chronic inflammatory congestion of the cheeks and nose.
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Condition/Disease/Disorder Description Seborrhea/Seborrhea Oleosa = Oily Dandruff
Overactive sebaceous glands; often the basis of acne.
Steatoma
Wen or sebaceous cyst (subcutaneous tumor) ranges in size from a pea to an orange.
Asteatosis Furuncle
Dry, scaly skin characterized by absolute or partial deficiency of sebum.
Boil - a subcutaneous abscess that fills with pus.
Cysts
Sac-like, elevated (usually round) area, contains liquid or semi-liquid substance; when a follicle ruptures deep within the dermis and irritating oil and dead cells seep into the surrounding tissues; often cause acne pits.
Pimples
Follicle filled with oil, dead cells and bacteria; inflammation causes white blood cells to rush to fight bacteria creating a pus.
Disorders of the Sudoriferous Glands
Bromidrosis Anhidrosis Hyperhidrosis Miliaria Rubra
Osmidrosis: foul-smelling perspiration.
Lack of perspiration. Excessive perspiration.
Prickly heat-eruptions of small red vesicles accompanied by burning and itching; caused by excessive heat. Hypertrophies Callus; superficial, round, thickening of the epidermis caused by friction (inward growth is called a corn).
Keratoma
Mole
A small, brown spot believed to be inherited; may be flat or deeply seated; pale tan-brown or bluish black.
Verruca
Wart, a viral infection of the epidermis; benign.
Skin Tag
Bead-like fibrous tissue that stands away from the flat surface; often a dark color.
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Condition/Disease/Disorder Description Polyp
Growth that extends from the surface or may also grow with the body.
Inflammations
Eczema
Dry or moist lesions accompanied by itching, burning and various other unpleasant sensations; usually red, blistered and oozing.
Psoriasis
Rarely on the face, lesions are round, dry patches covered with coarse, silvery scales; if irritated, bleeding points occur; may be spread to larger area but not contagious.
Herpes Simplex
Fever blisters/cold sores; single group of vesicles on a red swollen base.
Herpes Zoster = Shingles
Allergy Related Dermatitis
Dermatitis Venenata
Allergy to ingredients in cosmetics and such products; protection is the prevention: gloves and protective garb.
Dermatitis Medicamentosa
Dermatitis that occurs after an injection of a substance.
Urticaria
Hives: Inflammation caused by an allergy to specific drugs/foods. Primary Skin Lesions Small, discolored spot or patch on the skin’s surface, neither raised nor sunken; example, freckles.
Macule
Papule
Small elevated pimple containing no fluid, but may have pus. Note: Yellow or white fatty papules around the eyes indicate an elevated cholesterol level; refer to a physician (xanthelasma).
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Condition/Disease/Disorder Description Wheal
Itchy, swollen lesion that lasts only a few hours; for example, mosquito bite.
Tubercle
Solid lump larger than a papule; projects above the skin or lies with it; sized from pea to hickory nut.
Tumor Vesicle
External swelling; varies in size, shape and color.
Blister with clear fluid; lies within or just beneath the epidermis; for example, poison ivy.
Bulla
Blister containing a watery fluid; larger than a vesicle.
Pustule
Elevation with inflamed base, containing pus. Secondary Skin Lesions
Scale Crust
Accumulation of epidermal flakes, dry or greasy; for example, abnormal dandruff. Accumulation of serum and pus mixed with epidermal material; for example, scab. Abrasion produced by scratching or scraping; for example, raw surface after injury.
Excoriation
Fissure
Crack in the skin penetrating into the dermis.
Ulcer
Open lesion on skin or mucous membrane, accompanied by pus and loss of skin depth. Acne Scars
Ice Pick Scar
Large, visible, open pores that look as if the skin has been jabbed with an ice pick; follicle always looks open; caused by deep pimple or cyst.
Acne Pit Scar
Slightly sunken or depressed appearance; caused by pimples/ cysts that have destroyed the skin and formed scar tissue.
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Condition/Disease/Disorder Description Acne Raised Scar
Lumpy mass of raised tissue on the surface of the skin; caused where cysts have clumped together.
● Tinea ● Tinea Capitis -
Ringworm, due to fungi (plant or vegetable) small reddened patch of little blisters that spread outward and heal in the middle with scaling.
Ringworm of Scalp ● Tinea Sycosis - Barber’s Itch (Parasites) ● Tinea Favosa - Honeycomb Ringworm ● Tinea Unguium - Ringworm of Nails ● Athlete’s Foot - Ringworm of Feet
Contagious Disorders CAUTION ! NEVER ATTEMPT TO DIAGNOSE BUMPS, LESIONS, ULCERATIONS, OR DISCOLORATIONS AS SKIN CANCER, BUT YOU SHOULD BE ABLE TO RECOGNIZE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF SERIOUS SKIN DISORDERS AND SUGGEST THAT THE CLIENT SEE A PHYSICIAN OR DERMATOLOGIST. Extremely Serious Disorders - Skin Cancers Basal Cell Carcinoma Least malignant; most common skin cancer; characterized by light or pearly nodules and visible blood vessels.
Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Scaly, red papules; blood vessels are not visible; more serious than basal cell.
Malignant Melanoma
Most serious; characterized by dark brown, black or discolored patches on the skin.
Tumor
Abnormal growth of swollen tissue.
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NAIL DISEASES/DISORDER
Condition/Disease/Disorder
Description Nail biting.
Onychophagy
Onychogryposis
Overcurvature of the nail; clawlike.
Pterygium
Sticky overgrowth of the cuticle.
Eggshell Nail Leuconychia
Extremely thin nail.
White spots under the nail plate.
Paronychia
Bacterial inflammation of tissue (perionychium) around the nail.
Tinea Corporis
Ringworm of the hand.
Tinea Pedia
Ringworm of the foot.
Agnail
Hangnail.
Onychia
An inflammation somewhere in the nail.
Onychocyanosis Hematoma Nail
Blue nail (usually caused by poor circulation).
Bruised nail (usually caused by a hammer or slammed door).
Tinea Unguium
Onychomycosis; ringworm of the nail.
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Condition/Disease/Disorder
Description
Onychorrexis
Split or brittle nails with a series of lengthwise ridges.
Beau’s Lines
Ridges/corrugations/furrows.
Onychatrophia
Atrophy or wasting away of the nail.
Onychocryptosis
Ingrown nail.
Onychauxis Onychosis
Overgrowth of the nail plate.
Any nail disease.
Onychophosis
Accumulation of horny layers of epidermis under the nail.
HAIR DISEASES/DISORDERS
Condition/Disease/Disorder Pityriasis Capitis Simplex Pityriasis Capitis Steatoids Seborrhea Oleosa: Oily Dandruff
Description
Dry dandruff.
Greasy dandruff.
Trichoptilosis
Split hair ends.
Trichorrehexis Nodosa
Knotted.
Tinea Favosa Tinea Capitis
Honeycomb ringworm. Ringworm of the scalp.
Tinea Sycosis
Barber’s itch.
Androgenetic Alopecia
Common hereditary hair loss. Loss of hair shortly after birth.
Alopecia Adnata Alopecia Areata
Hair loss in patches.
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Condition/Disease/Disorder
Description
Alopecia Follicularis
Hair loss caused by inflammation of hair follicles.
Alopecia Prematura
Hair loss early in life. Hair loss from old age. Hair loss from entire scalp.
Alopecia Senilis Alopecia Totalis
Alopecia Universalis Hair loss from entire body. Traction/Traumatic Alopecia Patchy hair loss, sometimes due to repetitive traction on the hair by pulling or twisting. Postpartum Alopecia Temporary hair loss at the conclusion of pregnancy. Telogen Effluven Hair loss during the telogen phase of the hair growth cycle.
Canities
Gray hair. Head lice.
Pediculosis Capitis
Monilithrix
Beaded hair. Brittle hair.
Fragilitis Crinium
Hirsuities/Hypertrichosis
Superfluous hair, excessive.
Scabies
Contagious disease caused by the itch mite.
Impetigo/Infantigo
Highly contagious bacterial infection, usually staphylococcal.
Discoid Lupus Erythematosus (DLE)
Chronic autoimmune disorder, causes red often scarring plaques, hair loss and internal effects.
Keloids
Forms when excess collagen forms at the site of a healing scar; overhealing.
Asteatosis
Excessive dry skin.
Websites: Online Dermatology Resources ● http://tray.dermatology.uiowa.edu/DermImag.htm ● http://www.medic.mie-u.ac.jp/derma/world/worldd1.htm
● http://www.i-wrinkle.com/ ● http://www.i-wrinkle.com/ ● http://www.asds-net.org American Society of Dermatologic Surgery ● http://www.aad.org American Academy of Dermatology
● http://ww.skin-disease.com/ ● http://www.skin-cancers.net/ ● http://www.age-spot.com/
SECTION 2: BLOODBORNE PATHOGENS
Table of contents ● Introduction ○ Objectives ● What are Bloodborne Pathogens? ○ Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) ○ Human Immunodeficiency (HIV)
● Signs and Symptoms
○ Signs and Symptoms of (HBV) ○ Signs and Symptoms of (HIV)
● Transmission
○ Transmission Mediums ○ Transmission Routes
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● Common Questions
● Risk Factors and Behaviors ● Personal Protective Equipment ● Risk Factors and Behaviors ● Personal Protective Equipment ● Risk Factors and Behaviors ● Personal Protective Equipment ● Decontamination & Sterilization
○ Discuss with the class: ■ HBV ■ HIV
● Precautions ● Summary
Introduction A bloodborne pathogen is a specific cause of disease, such as a virus or bacteria. “Bloodborne” means carried by or in blood and certain other body fluids. AIDS, hepatitis B and C, malaria, and syphillis are examples of diseases that are caused by bloodborne pathogens. Learning objectives Upon completion of this course, you will be able to: Discuss bloodborne pathogens. Identify two bloodborne pathogens of concern in the workplace.
Explain how bloodborne pathogens are transmitted. List four high risk factors. Discuss the precautions to be used in the workplace.
WHAT ARE BLOODBORNE PATHOGENS?
Two types of pathogens of concern in the workplace are: ● Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) ● Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Hepatitis B is much more contagious than HIV.
Hepatitis B virus (HBV)
Signs and symptoms of (HBV) Discuss and list different signs and symptoms of HBV: ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ Signs and symptoms of (HIV) Discuss and list different signs and symptoms of HIV: ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________
The HB Virus infects the liver: it’s more common than HIV and is a greater risk on the job. Many HBV infected people have no problems or symptoms. Some, however, do develop serious or fatal problems such as cirrhosis, liver cancer, or chronic liver disease. There is a vaccine for HBV which is dispensed in three doses. Any employee at risk should take the vaccine.
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) HIV causes AIDS, it attacks the body’s immune system, reducing its ability to fight disease. To protect yourself against HIV and HBV, avoid direct exposure to infectious blood or body fluids - the prime transmitters of HBV and HIV.
TRANSMISSION
Transmission mediums Body fluids that can transmit infection are:
● Pericardial fluid (fluid around the heart). ● Peritoneal fluid (fluid in the abdomen). ● Amniotic fluid (fluid that surrounds an embryo). ● Saliva (in dental procedures)
● Blood. ● Semen. ● Vaginal secretions. ● Cerebrospinal fluid (brain and spinal fluid). ● Synovial fluid (lubricating fluid of joints and tendons). ● Pleural fluid (fluid around the lungs).
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Transmission routes HIV and hepatitis are transmitted only in the following ways: 1. Unprotected sexual contact involving the transfer of body fluids such as blood, semen and vaginal secretions. 2. Direct contact with infected blood through needle- sharing, transfusions and needlesticks. 3. Infected mothers can transmit the virus to their babies while in the womb or in breast milk.
You can’t catch HIV through casual contact, such as touching, hugging, being coughed on or sneezed on or working around someone who has AIDS. Family members and health care workers who are constantly around patients with AIDS do not catch AIDS when they use proper precautions.
RISK FACTORS AND BEHAVIORS
● Between 1978 and the spring of 1985, received an organ transplant. ● Received artificial insemination from an untested donor. ● Between 1978 and the spring of 1985, received treatment for a clotting disorder. ● Have been exposed to blood or body fluids of a person known to have AIDS or be HIV-positive. ● Are immigrants from high risk areas (southeast Asia, Africa, Southern and Central Europe). ● Have tattoos. ● Are family of infected persons.
In light of what we know about the way the HBV and HIV virus are transmitted, risk of exposure to either virus is increased for people who: ● Have unprotected sex or multiple partners. ● Have unprotected sex with an IV drug user. ● Have shared needles while using drugs. ● Have occupational exposure to the blood or body fluids of others. ● Between 1978 and the spring of 1985, received blood or blood products in transfusion.
PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT
yourself, it is essential to have a barrier between you and the potentially infectious material. Discuss and list four rules to follow with PPE: 1. __________________________________________________ 2. __________________________________________________ 3. __________________________________________________ 4. __________________________________________________ If you work in an area with routine exposure to blood or potentially infectious materials, the necessary PPE should be readily accessible. Contaminated gloves, clothing, PPE, or other materials should be placed in appropriately labeled bags or containers until it is disposed of, decontaminated, or laundered. It is important to find out where these bags or containers are located in your area before beginning work. This approach is used in all situations where exposure to blood or potentially infectious materials is possible. This also means that certain engineering and work practice controls shall always be utilized in situations where exposure may occur.
“Universal Precautions” is the name used to describe a prevention strategy in which all blood and potentially infectious materials are treated as if they are, in fact, infectious, regardless of the perceived status of the source individual. In other words, whether or not you think the blood/body fluid is infected with bloodborne pathogens, you treat it as if it is. This approach is used in all situations where exposure to blood or potentially infectious materials is possible. This also means that certain engineering and work practice controls shall always be utilized in situations where exposure may occur. Probably the first thing to do in any situation where you may be exposed to bloodborne pathogens is to ensure you are wearing the appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE). For example, you may have noticed that emergency medical personnel, doctors, nurses, dentists, dental assistants, and other health care professionals always wear latex or protective gloves. This is a simple precaution they take in order to prevent blood or potentially infectious body fluids from coming in contact with their skin. To protect Gloves Gloves should be made of latex, nitril, rubber, or other water impervious materials. If glove material is thin or flimsy, double gloving can provide an additional layer of protection. Also, if you know you have cuts or sores on your hands, you should cover these with a bandage or similar protection as an additional precaution before donning your gloves. You should always inspect your gloves for tears or punctures before putting them on. If a glove is damaged, don’t use it! When taking contaminated gloves off, do so carefully. Make
sure you don’t touch the outside of the gloves with any bare skin, and be sure to dispose of them in a proper container so that no one else will come contact with them either.
ALWAYS CHECK YOUR GLOVES FOR DAMAGE BEFORE USING THEM!
Goggles
Again, bloodborne pathogens can be transmitted through the thin membranes of the eyes so it is important to protect them. Splashing could occur while cleaning up a spill, during laboratory procedures, or while providing first aid or medical assistance.
Anytime there is a risk of splashing or vaporization of contaminated fluids, goggles and/or other eye protection should be used to protect your eyes.
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Face shields Face shields may be worn in addition to goggles to provide additional face protection. A face shield will protect against splashes to the nose and mouth. Aprons
Normal clothing that becomes contaminated with blood should be removed as soon as possible because fluids can seep through the cloth to come into contact with skin. Contaminated laundry should be handled as little as possible, and it should be placed in an appropriately labeled bag or container until it is decontaminated, disposed of, or laundered.
Aprons may be worn to protect your clothing and to keep blood or other contaminated fluids from soaking through to your skin.
SECTION 3: DECONTAMINATION & STERILIZATION
Table of contents ● Introduction ● Common Questions ○ HBV ○ HIV
● Precautions ● Summary
Introduction All surfaces, tools, equipment and other objects that come in contact with blood or potentially infectious materials must be decontaminated and sterilized as soon as possible. Equipment and tools must be cleaned and decontaminated before servicing or being put back into use. Decontamination should be accomplished by using: ● A solution of 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (household bleach/ Clorox) diluted between 1:10 and 1:100 with water. The standard recommendation is to use at least a quarter cup of bleach per one gallon of water. ● Lysol or some other EPA-registered tuberculocidal disinfectant. Check the label of all disinfectants to make sure they meet this requirement.
● If you are cleaning up a spill of blood, you can carefully cover the spill with paper towels or rags, and leave it for at least 10 minutes. This will help ensure that any bloodborne pathogens are killed before you actually begin cleaning or wiping the material up. By covering the spill with paper towels or rags, you decrease the chances of causing a splash when you pour the bleach on it. ● If you are decontaminating equipment or other objects, you should leave the disinfectant in place for at least 10 minutes before continuing the cleaning process. ● Of course, any materials you use to clean up a spill of blood or potentially infectious materials must be decontaminated immediately, as well. This would include mops, sponges, reusable gloves, buckets, pails, etc.
COMMON QUESTIONS
HBV ● What symptoms do I have if I am suffering from hepatitis B infection? Many people with HBV do not have any symptoms and feel perfectly well. Occasionally, the hepatitis B infection may become active and make the patient feel ill with nausea, have a loss of appetite, and become jaundiced. ● What kind of outlook can I expect if I have a hepatitis B infection? Many patients with the hepatitis B infection can expect to lead a full and normal life. It is most important to regard yourself as a normal individual who happens to be infected with hepatitis B. However, it is important to take precautions not to spread the disease and to get medical checkups regularly. HIV ● What will the AIDS test tell me? A positive result indicates the presence of antibodies to HIV, which has been found in people with AIDS. ● Does a negative test mean that I am not infected? Unfortunately, no. Although the test is reliable, there is a “window”- some say it’s six to twelve weeks, some say longer-when you could be developing the antibody, but
● Can I get hepatitis from the vaccine? No. The hepatitis vaccine is a safe and highly purified vaccine. It does not contain any blood products or living or dead viruses. ● What should be done if the second or third vaccine dose is delayed? If the doses are delayed for less than one year, the remaining doses can be resumed to complete the vaccination without the need to restart the vaccination series. If the lapsed doses are more than one year apart, extra doses or restarting of the series may be required for high risk individuals.
the test will still be negative. That’s why you need to be retested at six to twelve weeks and again in 6 months. If you test negative, but still carry HIV, it is still possible to transmit the virus. Counseling will be provided when you receive your test results whether they are negative or positive.
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