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23. Kent A, Waller G. The impact of childhood emotional abuse: an extension of the Child Abuse and Trauma Scale. Child Abuse and Neglect. 1998;22(5):393-399. 24. Glaser D. Emotional abuse and neglect (psychological maltreatment): a conceptual framework. Child Abuse and Neglect. 2002;26(6-7):697-714. 25. Prevent Child Abuse America. Preventing Child Neglect. https://preventchildabuse.org/what-we-do/child- neglect-prevention/. Accessed July 19 2019. 26. DePanfilis D. Child Neglect: A Guide for Prevention, Assessment and Intervention. Washington DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Administration of Children and Families; 2006. 27. United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime and the Protocols Thereto. 2004; http:// www.unodc.org/unodc/en/treaties/CTOC/index. html#Fulltext. 28. United States Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000. 114 Stat. 1466 USC, section 7102. 29. Department of Justice. Federal Strategic Action Plan on Services for Victims of Human Trafficking in the United States, 2013-2017. 2014. 30. United States Department of State. Trafficking in Persons Report. 2014; https://2009-2017.state. gov/documents/organization/226844.pdf. Accessed November 29 2016. 31. Alpert EJ, Ahn R, Albright E, et al. Human Trafficking: Guidebook on Identification, Assessment, and Response in the Health Care Setting. Boston MA: MGH Human Trafficking Initiative, Division of Global Health and Human Rights, Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital;2014. 32. Baldwin SB, Eisenman DP, Sayles JN, Ryan G, Chuang KS. Identification of human trafficking victims in health care settings. Health Hum Rights. 2011;13(1):E36-49. 33. International Organization for Migration. Caring for Trafficked Persons; Guidance for Health Providers. Geneva, Switzerland 2009. 34. Trossman S. The Costly Business of Human Trafficking. American Nurse Today. 2008;3(12). 35. Lederer LJ, Wetzel CA. The health consequences of sex trafficking and their implications for identifying victims in healthcare facilities. Annals of Health Law. 2014;23:61-91. 36. Wong JC, Hong J, Leung P, Yin P, Stewart DE. Human trafficking: an evaluation of Canadian medical students’ awareness and attitudes. Educ Health (Abingdon). 2011;24(1):501. 37. Chisolm-Straker M, Richardson L. Assessment of Emergency Department (ED) Provider Knowledge about Human Trafficking Victims in the ED (Abstract). Academic Emergency Medicine. 2007;14(5S):S134. 38. Dovydaitis T. Human trafficking: the role of the health care provider. J Midwifery Womens Health. 2010;55(5):462-467. 39. Grace AM, Lippert S, Collins K, et al. Educating health care professionals on human trafficking. Pediatr Emerg Care. 2014;30(12):856-861. 40. National Human Trafficking Resource Center. Identifying Victims of Human Trafficking: What to look for in a healthcare setting. 2016; http://www.acf.hhs.gov/ endtrafficking/resource/fact-sheet-identifying-victims- of-human-trafficking. Accessed November 30, 2016. 41. Prevent Child Abuse Pennsylvania. Frequently Asked Questions: Mandated Reporters. https:// www.preventchildabusepa.org/common-questions. Accessed July 22 2019.
Conclusion Protecting the safety and well-being of children is clearly a top priority in Pennsylvania and the nation as a whole. The responsibility to do so is widely shared, from citizens providing safe zones for children and families facing difficult situations, to community partners, and to formal state and federal child protective services systems. Physicians and other healthcare workers play a key role in this effort because they are on the front lines for identifying abuse and reporting it appropriately. The Pennsylvania laws covering the abuse of children now have expanded definitions of “child abuse” and “perpetrator” and have streamlined the process for mandatory reporting of child abuse, provide penalties for failing to report suspected abuse and protect those individuals who report child abuse. The legislation also promotes the use of multi-disciplinary investigative teams to investigate child abuse-related crimes and supports the use of information technology to increase efficiency and tracking of child abuse. The use of multidisciplinary teams and information technology will allow caseworkers and the child welfare system as a whole to function as a more holistic system supported by data to drive the most effective approaches to serving Pennsylvania’s children, youth, and families. Resources Administration for Children & Families Online: acf.hhs.gov
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Keep Kids Safe Online: KeepKidsSafe.pa.gov Child abuse hotline: 800-932-0313 National Child Abuse Hotline Online: acf.hhs.gov/acf-hotlines#chapter-2 Phone: 800-422-4453
Pennsylvania Child Welfare Portal Online: compass.state.pa.us/cwis/public/home
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Pennsylvania Department of Human Services. Child Protective Services 2020 Annual Report. https:// www.dhs.pa.gov/docs/Publications/Documents/ Child%20Abuse%20Reports/2020%20Child%20 Protective%20Services%20Report_FINAL.pdf Accessed December 01, 2021 Child Welfare Information Gateway, Department of Health and Human Services, Children’s Bureau. What Is Child Welfare? A Guide for Health-Care Professionals. 2013; https://archive.org/stream/www.childwelfare. gov/pubPDFs/cw_healthcare_djvu.txt. Accessed July 18 2019. Child Welfare Information Gateway, Department of Health and Human Services, Children’s Bureau. About CAPTA: A Legislative History. 2019; https://www. childwelfare.gov/pubs/factsheets/about/. Accessed July 18 2019.
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