et al., 2020) . Others may fear that there is in fact greater risk to their well-being from the perpetrator if the police become involved (Messing, Bagwell-Gray, et al., 2021) . It is thus critical for providers to understand how the criminal justice system specifically becomes a barrier to help seeking for some survivors. (Subica & Link, 2022) . Historical trauma is a form of chronic and/or vicarious trauma and can affect biological, cognitive, and social functioning (Ortega-Williams et al., 2021) . It has been implicated in the effects of IPV on the African- American community (West, 2021) , among Indigenous women and their families (Holder, 2023) , and in the willingness of LGBTQIA2S+ individuals to be open with healthcare providers (Burton et al., 2019) . Intergenerational transmission of trauma resulting from violence is thus an area that continues to be highlighted in both social and genetic research warranting greater inquiry and depth of understanding. having materials available only in English or using incorrect gender pronouns (DeWilde & Burton, 2016; Mukerjee et al., 2022) . It is therefore crucial that services for IPV survivors and their families address cultural needs and provide appropriate options. In the absence of cultural safety, some survivors may disengage from support services, believing that their needs cannot be met. Populations that may have particular need for cultural safety include the LGBTQIA2S+ community, recent immigrants or refugees, and some religious groups (see “Faith and Religious Responses”). barriers, and fear of involvement with authorities may all interfere with immigrant and refugee survivors reporting IPV (Gillum, 2021; Njie-Carr et al., 2021; Robinson et al., 2020) . Additional services, such as interpreters, may be needed to address language barriers and related issues. Interpreters should not be family members, friends, or children of the victim (Sullivan et al., 2023) . Importantly, providers also should be aware of their own cultural assumptions, obtain training in cultural issues regarding IPV, and provide assessments and referrals that are culturally sensitive. More information on working with immigrants and/or undocumented persons is included later in this course. therefore requires that providers not only acknowledge their own biases, but consider pursuing specialized training regarding assessing and intervening in same-sex IPV situations (Boudreau et al., 2022) . These and other clinical considerations for working with sexual and gender minority populations are discussed in greater detail later in this course. Self-Assessment Question 2 Survivors may experience great shame about what has happened to them. a. True b. False
would rather not report IPV and be forced to interact with the criminal justice system (Messing, Bagwell-Gray, et al., 2021) . Indeed, inherent racism and other biased practices within the criminal justice system profoundly affect the way individuals may deal with IPV. Structurally violence influences such as racism, homophobia, and classism can cause victims to anticipate poor treatment from law enforcement (Scheer Historical Trauma Historical context can also affect IPV survivors’ decisions about help-seeking. Historical trauma refers to the ways that intergenerational forms of trauma and the experiences of communities of color over time affect current relationships, family structures, and culture (Hamby et al., 2020) . This concept thus calls attention to “the multigenerational impacts of collective, compounding traumas perpetrated on communities, and the psychological and social responses” that result (Hamby et al., 2020, p. 177) . Historical traumas are the result of disenfranchisement or abuse of whole populations, such as occur with enslavement, genocide, internment, forced relocation, colonization and other acts of aggression or subjugation toward entire communities Cultural Safety Cultural safety is similar to cultural competence but “incorporates a range of principles to support the delivery of health services to diverse populations, in multiple settings, by recognizing that all people have a unique cultural and power imbalances between organizations, practitioners and consumers must be addressed” (Kaphle et al., 2022, p. 699) . When services for IPV survivors lack attention to cultural needs, cultural safety is lacking, and cultural distress can result. Cultural distress is a particular stress that results from experiencing care not culturally appropriate to an individual’s sociocultural context—such as Immigration or Refugee Status The experience of immigration and/or becoming a refugee is deeply traumatic in and of itself, and this trauma may be compounded by experiences of IPV even once an individual of family is resettled. Complex and frequently changing, politicized immigration policies represent a significant institutional barrier to some survivors being able to access public health supports. In fact, immigration laws can contribute to danger in cases of IPV because sponsoring may be dependent on domestic partnership, increasing dependency on the spouse (Hulley et al., 2022) . Perpetrators may leverage this by employing multiple tactics for abuse including destroying paperwork or threatening withdrawal of sponsorship. Lack of access to support, fear of deportation for themselves or their perpetrator, language Sexual and Gender Minorities: LGBTQIA2S+ IPV among the LGBTQIA2S+ community also requires sensitivity during the assessment process. Many members of this community have experienced poor treatment by families, communities, and healthcare providers (Burton et al., 2019; Orphanidys et al., 2022) . Unfortunately, IPV can occur in any partner relationship, and LGBTQIA2S+ individuals may be at increased risk due to social isolation, prior victimization, and/or substance use (Kim & Schmuhl, 2019; Whitfield et al., 2018) . In addition, individuals experiencing IPV in same-sex relationships may be grappling with issues related to societal homophobia and/ or keeping their identities private. The threat of having one’s sexual orientation exposed, known as “outing,” can be a powerful mechanism to maintain power and control in the context of an abusive relationship (Callan et al., 2020) . Creating culturally safe spaces for LGBTQIA2S+ people
EliteLearning.com/Social-Work
Book Code: SWFL1825
Page 81
Powered by FlippingBook