● Perpetrating psychological aggression ● Being a victim of physical or psychological abuse (consistently one of the strongest predictors of perpetration)
● History of experiencing poor parenting as a child ● History of experiencing physical discipline as a child
Relationship
● Marital conflict—fights, tension, and other struggles ● Marital instability—divorces or separations ● Dominance and control of the relationship by one partner over the other ● Economic stress ● Unhealthy family relationships and interactions
Community
● Poverty and associated factors (e.g., overcrowding) ● Low social capital—lack of institutions, relationships, and norms that shape a community’s social interactions ● Weak community sanctions against IPV (e.g., unwillingness of neighbors to intervene in situations where they witness violence) ● Traditional gender norms (e.g., women should stay at home, not enter the workforce, and be submissive; men support the family and make the decisions)
Societal
IPV = intimate partner violence. From Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2021)
Self-Assessment Question 1 Which of the following is true about IPV?
a. It has no impact on anyone except the victim. b. It only affects certain at-risk populations. c. It includes physical violence, contact sexual violence, stalking, and psychological aggression. d. It is caused by experiencing child abuse.
HEALTH CONSEQUENCES
The relationship between IPV victimization and adverse health outcomes is well established (Chandan et al., 2020; Potter et al., 2021; Stubbs & Szoeke, 2021) . These outcomes include not only acute injury as a result of the violence but also long-term consequences such as mental health, cardiovascular, and immunologic conditions (Stubbs & Szoeke, 2021) . As noted previously, IPV constitutes a type
of trauma whether experienced sequentially and over time, or as a single incident, and survivors necessarily experience health effects related to the trauma. These can include post- traumatic stress symptoms (Mahoney et al., 2020) , suicidality (Bounds et al., 2019) , risk for revictimization (Khadr et al., 2018) , and chronic pain (Walker et al., 2022) . Table 2 presents some of the most common consequences of IPV.
Table 2: Common Consequences of Intimate Partner Violence Type Consequences Physical ● Acute injury ● Death ● Asthma ● Bladder and kidney infections ● Circulatory conditions ● Cardiovascular disease ● Fibromyalgia ● Irritable bowel syndrome ● Chronic pain syndromes ● Central nervous system disorders ● Gastrointestinal disorders ● Joint disease ● Migraines and headaches Reproductive ● Gynecological disorders ● Pelvic inflammatory disease ● Sexual dysfunction ●
Sexually transmitted infections, including HIV/AIDS ● Delayed prenatal care ● Preterm delivery ● Pregnancy difficulties such as low-birth-weight babies, perinatal deaths, and miscarriage ● Unintended pregnancy
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Book Code: SWFL1825
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