Figure 1: Domestic Abuse Intervention Program Power and Control Wheel
From Domestic Abuse Intervention Programs (2011). Wheel gallery: The power and control wheel. https://www.theduluthmodel.org/ wheels/. Reprinted with permission from Domestic Abuse Intervention, Duluth, MN. From Domestic Abuse Intervention Programs (2011). wheel, encompass many of these behaviors as described previously.
Wheel gallery: The power and control wheel. https://www. theduluthmodel.org/wheels/ . Reprinted with permission from Domestic Abuse Intervention, Duluth, MN. IPV is characterized by the pattern of actions that an individual uses to intentionally control or dominate an intimate partner. The Power and Control Wheel illustrates that the IPV perpetrator’s power and control over a partner are central to and a result of the coercive tactics used. That is why the words power and control are at the center of the wheel. A perpetrator may systematically use threats, intimidation, and coercion to instill fear in a partner (Both et al., 2020) . These behaviors are the spokes of the wheel. Physical and sexual violence, on the rim of the Effect on Individuals and Communities IPV has tremendous impact on both the immediate victims of the violence and the communities in which they live (Burton & Guidry, 2021) . These effects can be seen through Incidence and Prevalence IPV is noteworthy for being present in nearly all demographics (Leemis et al., 2022; Loder & Momper, 2020) . Although both IPV and SA continue to be underreported
The Power and Control Wheel does not give a broad understanding of all violence in the home or community but instead offers a precise explanation of some tactics perpetrators may use to abuse within relationships. These forms of control can be highly effective even without the use of actual violence, particularly if violence has occurred in the past (Fleury-Steiner & Miller, 2020; Graham, Sahay, et al., 2021) . In addition, socially oriented behaviors such as isolation from family and friends, open disparagement of the partner to others, threats to report the partner to authorities in some way, and/or spreading negative untruths about the partner can be used to establish power and control over someone (Bates, 2020) .
the high incidence and prevalence rates of IPV and in outcomes such as homicide, economic costs, and burdens to the healthcare system (William et al., 2022) .
and underdiagnosed, the statistics on their prevalence and resulting outcomes are astounding. The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence survey (2016/2017 Report on
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Book Code: SWFL1825
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