16. Kalthoff D, Globig A, Beer M. (2010). (Highly pathogenic) avian influenza as a zoonotic agent. Vet Microbiol,140(3-4), 237-45. 17. Arriola CS, Nelson DI, Deliberto TJ, Blanton L, Kniss K, Levine MZ, Trock SC, Finelli L, Jhung MA, et al. (2015). Infection Risk for Persons Exposed to Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A H5 Virus– Infected Birds, United States, December 2014–March 2015. Emerg Infect Dis., 21(12). http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid2112.150904 18. Kandeel A, Manoncourt S, Kareem EA, Ahmed AM, El-Refaie S, Essmat H, Tjaden C, de Mattos CC, Earhart KC, Marfin AA, El- Sayed N. (2010). Zoonotic Transmission of Avian Influenza Virus (H5N1), Egypt, 2006–2009. Emerg Infect Dis, 16(7), 1101–1107. 19. Myers KP, Setterquist SF, Capuano AW, Gray GC. (2007). Infection Due to 3 Avian Influenza Subtypes in United States Veterinarians. Clin Infect Dis 45(1), 4-9. 20. Centers for Disease Control. (2015, June 11). Interim Guidance on Influenza Antiviral Chemoprophylaxis of Persons Exposed to
Birds with Avian Influenza A Viruses Associated with Severe Human Disease or with the Potential to Cause Severe Human Disease. Retrieved June 4, 2019 from: http://www.cdc.gov/flu/avianflu/ guidance- exposedpersons.htm 21. United States Geological Survey, National Wildlife Health Center. (2015, September 4). Wild Bird Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Cases in the United States. Retrieved June 4, 2019 from: https:// www.aphis.usda.gov/wildlife_damage/downloads/WILD%20 BIRD%20POSITIVE%20HIGHLY%20PATHOGENIC%20AVIAN%20 INFLUENZA%20CASES%20IN%20 THE%20UNITED%20STATES.pdf 22. Centers for Disease Control. (2015, June 2). Bird Infections with Highly-Pathogenic Avian Influenza A (H5N2), (H5N8), and (H5N1) Viruses: Recommendations for Human Health Investigations and Response. Retrieved June 4, 2019 from: http://emergency.cdc.gov/ han/han00378.asp
AVIAN INFLUENZA AND HIGHLY PATHOGENIC AVIAN INFLUENZA Final Examination Questions Select the best answer for each question and mark your answers on the Final Examination Answer Sheet found on page 68, or complete your test online at EliteLearning.com/Book 31. Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N8 was first noted in the United States in 2012. 36. Feco-oral transmission is the primary method by which avian influenza spreads between birds.
a. True. b. False. 32. Influenza A virus strains are characterized by hemagglutinin and neuraminidase surface proteins.
a. True. b. False. 37. Person-to-person transmission of avian influenza virus is common. a. True. b. False. 38. Influenza viruses remain infectious for 24 to 48 hours on nonporous surfaces. a. True. b. False. 39. HPAI typically causes edema and cyanosis of nonfeathered skin, respiratory distress, and sudden death in poultry. a. True. b. False. 40. Common necropsy findings in HPAI-infected chickens include pulmonary lesions as well as lesions on other internal organs.
a. True. b. False.
33. Antigenic drift and shift are two major factors in avian influenza’s ability to evade the body’s immune defenses and cause disease. a. True. b. False. 34. Wild aquatic birds are a primary reservoir of avian influenza. a. True b. False 35. Low-pathogenicity avian influenza (LPAI) cannot ever convert to HPAI.
a. True. b. False.
a. True. b. False.
Course Code: VFL02AV
EliteLearning.com/Veterinarian
Book Code: VFL1524
Page 32
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