USGS, NWHC The NWHC works closely with the USDA and other government agencies to monitor the development of H5N8 HPAI. This agency maintains a list of all wild birds that have tested positive for H5N8 HPAI; as of September 4, 2015, a total of 85 positive wild birds had been detected. Samples are collected in various ways, including sick/dead birds, hunter-harvested birds, and live birds that have been tested and released 21 . The NWHC is working with other wildlife/conservation agencies to guarantee that wild birds are consistently tested when specific criteria are met that may suggest HPAI. These criteria include: ● Any mortality involving wild bird species where estimated dead exceeds 500 birds. ● Mortality of any species of wild birds that occurs close to a domestic poultry facility in which HPAI has been detected. ● Mortality involving game birds, such as wild turkeys, quail, and sage grouse. ● Mortality involving five or more waterfowl (ducks, geese, or swans) or other water birds (loons, grebes, coots, shorebirds, egrets, herons, or cranes). CDC Given the possible zoonotic threat of avian influenza, the CDC has also issued guidance for managing the possible public health implications. While the risk to the general public is considered to be low, the CDC recommends that clinicians consider HPAI as a possible cause of disease in anyone showing signs of respiratory illness or conjunctivitis who may have had close contact with potentially infected birds or surfaces that may have been contaminated by potentially infected birds in Conclusion HPAI H5N8 is likely to remain endemic in wild birds in the United States. Awareness of this disease is crucial to practice effective biosecurity methods for disease prevention and respond appropriately to possible outbreaks. Any sudden References 1. Hall JS, Dusek RJ, Spackman E. (2015). Rapidly Expanding Range of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses. Emerg Infect Dis, 21(7), 1251–1252. 2. United States Department of Agriculture. (2015, September 18). Fall 2015 HPAI Preparedness and Response Plan. Retrieved June 4, 2019 from: https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/downloads/ animal_diseases/ai/hpaipreparedness-and-response-plan- 2015.pdf 3. Center for Infections Disease Research and Policy, University of Minnesota. (2013, June 12). Avian Influenza (Bird Flu). Retrieved June 4, 2019 from: http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/infectious-disease- topics/avian-influenza-bird-flu 14 4. The Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University. (2014, September). Avian Influenza. Retrieved June 4, 2019 from: http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/highly_ pathogenic_avian_influenza.pdf 5. Alexander DJ. (2003). Should we change the definition of avian influenza for eradication purposes? Avian Dis, 47(3), 976-981. 6. World Assembly of Delegates of the OIE. (2009, May). Avian Influenza. Retrieved from: http://web.oie.int/fr/normes/ mmanual/2008/pdf/2.03.04_AI.pdf 7. Shortridge KF1, Zhou NN, Guan Y, Gao P, Ito T, Kawaoka Y, Kodihalli S, Krauss S, Markwell D, Murti KG, Norwood M, Senne D, Sims L, Takada A, Webster RG. (1998). Characterization of avian H5N1 influenza viruses from poultry in Hong Kong. Virology, 252(2), 331-42. 8. United States Department of Agriculture. (2015, July). Prevent Avian Influenza at Your Farm: Improve Your Biosecurity with Simple Wildlife Management Practices. Retrieved June 4, 2019 from: http://www.uspoultry.org/animal_husbandry/files/HPAIFactsheet_ Wildlife%20Biosecurity _July%202015.pdf
● Mortality involving raptors, waterfowl, or avian scavengers (ravens, crows, or gulls) observed in the same or adjacent counties to confirmed HPAI in poultry or wild birds. ● Mortality involving any number of raptors or avian scavengers (ravens, crows, or gulls) near locations with ongoing waterfowl mortality. ● Mortality involving raptors, waterfowl, or avian scavengers (ravens, crows, or gulls) observed with clinical signs consistent with neurological impairment. ● Wild raptors with neurologic/respiratory signs that die or are euthanized within 72 hours of admission to a rehabilitation facility. ● Raptors held in captivity (e.g., falconer birds, rehabilitation facility) with sudden, unexplained morbidity/mortality after exposure to wild waterfowl or a known/suspect case of HPAI H5 14 . Testing these wild birds provides evidence that is valuable from a conservation and resource management standpoint, while also providing information that can be used to appraise the risk of HPAI to domestic birds within a given area. the past 10 days. If respiratory signs are noted in a person with a possible history of exposure, the state health department should immediately be notified and influenza testing should be performed under their direction. Individuals who test positive should be treated with appropriate antivirals and the CDC should be notified immediately. There is no vaccine available against H5N8 and the seasonal influenza vaccine does not offer any protection against avian influenza 22 . outbreak of illness or mortality in a chicken flock is suspicious for avian influenza and owners of both backyard and commercial poultry flocks should remain aware of signs to watch for in their chickens. 9. United States Department of Agriculture. (2015, September). Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza: A Guide to Help You Understand the Response Process. Retrieved June 4, 2019 from: https://www.aphis. usda.gov/publications/animal_health/2015/poster-hpai-guide- tounderstanding-the-process.pdf 10. United States Department of Agriculture. (2015, September 24). Mortality Composting Protocol forAvian Influenza Infected Flocks. Retrieved June 4, 2019 from: http://www.uspoultry.org/ animal_husbandry/files/USDAAPHIS%20HPAI%20Mortality%20 Composting%20Protocol.pdf 11. American Veterinary Medical Association. Poultry Depopulation. Retrieved June 4, 2019 from: https://www.avma.org/KB/Policies/ Pages/Poultry-Depopulation.aspx 12. United States Department of Agriculture. (2015, September 8) Draft Policy and Approach to HPAI Vaccination. Retrieved June 4, 2019 from: https://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_health/downloads/ animal_diseases/ai/draft-policy- andapproach-to-hpai-vaccination. pdf 13. United States Department of Agriculture. (2015, September). HPAI and Vaccine Use. Retrieved June 4, 2019 from: https://www.aphis. usda.gov/publications/animal_health/2015/fs-hpai-vaccine-use.pdf 15 14. Sleeman J. (2015, July 17). Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Update: National Surveillance and Recent Wild Bird Detections. Retrieved June 4, 2019 from: http://www.nwhc.usgs.gov/ publications/wildlife_health_bulletins/WHB_2015- 05_HPAI_Natl_ surveillance_rev.pdf 15. Kim H, Kwon Y, Jang I, Lee Y, Kang H, Lee E, Song B, Lee H, Joo U, Lee K, Lee H, Baek K, Ba Y. (2015). Pathologic Changes in Wild Birds Infected with Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N8) Viruses, South Korea, 2014. Emerg Infect Dis, 21(5), 775-80.
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