Microbiome/Gut Health The “Western diet,” which includes high levels of saturated fats and added sugars, is a risk factor for AD (Askarova et al., Cause and effect: Physical exercise/movement Physical activity improves memory and can potentially reduce the risk of AD (Lourenco et al., 2019). This is potentially due to irisin, a hormone that circulates when Cause and effect: Traumatic brain injury/head trauma Head trauma is a leading environmental factor that causes AD and other dementias (Shively et al., 2012). Head trauma can cause chronic inflammation, resulting in permanent damage to the brain. When the skull receives a harsh jolt, it disrupts brain function, disabling protective abilities and perpetuating more trauma. Ongoing damage can result in brain dysfunction that can disrupt thought patterns, clarity, problem solving, and executive functioning. Cause and effect: Mild cognitive impairment (MCI) People with a lifetime of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or Down’s syndrome are more vulnerable to AD and other dementias (National Institute on Aging, n.d.). MCI may include memory loss, confusion, poor focus, and impaired critical thinking, spatial and visual perception, and decision- making capabilities. These can result in progressive dementia-like symptoms. It is important for people with MCI to maintain a healthy lifestyle Cause and effect: Cardiovascular health The vascular system significantly impacts cardiac and brain function, metabolism, and cell migration (Govindpani et al., 2019). Vascular changes are noted in the preclinical stage of AD, as amyloid plaques may contribute to constrictions that impact blood supply. The changes in arterial functioning will impact the transfer and communication of neurons as well as metabolic function, resulting in worsening of the disease over time. Destructive stages of AD progression may be due to vascular issues and brain inflammation. Cause and effect: Sleep Exhaustion and sleepiness during the day can contribute to dementia (Carroll & Macauley, 2019). Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in the elderly may lead to dementia, cognitive impairment, and AD symptoms. Sleep deprivation increases tau levels and over time can cause increased plaques and tangles. Sleep disorders can be a part of AD pathology, but the exact role is unknown at this time. Sleep has two stages: Rapid eye movement (REM) and nonrapid eye movement (NREM), and their respective restorative powers impact neuronal functioning and Cause and effect: Lack of Learning and skill acquisition Neural pathways in the brain develop throughout life. Ongoing learning challenges the brain to retain information through regular exposure (Guglielman, 2012). Lifelong learning is an integral component of a fit brain. Reading, planning, and focused mindfulness activities such as meditation allow the brain to pause and take in new information, while preventing decline. Many healthy brain activities provide social connections. Card games, book clubs, and guided meditation multiply the benefits. Word games, puzzles, and crosswords also keep the brain active and challenged. A stagnant brain will lose its ability to retain, focus, and expand—leading to cognitive decline. Cause and effect: Genetics The apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene on chromosome 19 is an indicator of late-onset AD. However, even if a person carries this gene, it is not a guarantee that they will develop AD (National Institutes of Health, n.d.). While early-onset
2020). Early studies show a correlation between a notable increase in AD and a high-fat diet that changes the gut microbiota and causes inflammation and metabolic changes.
exercising. It is thought to promote the growth of neurons in the hippocampus.
Balance and core strength can prevent brain and head injuries. Strength-building exercises help with balance, as do vision and hearing tests, which confirm if there is a need for assistive devices, respectively. Falls are a leading concern of older adults. They can lead to broken bones, concussions, and other bodily trauma.
MCI presents in the earlier stages of AD; however, not all MCI is AD. Upon presentation of symptoms, a person should visit their physician to ensure proper diagnosis, pharmacological support, identification of lifestyle modifications, and development of a plan of action and care.
Behaviors that promote heart health are correlated to brain health. Smoking; high stress; poor diet; and unmanageable chronic conditions such as diabetes, high blood pressure, and heart disease can lead to AD and other dementias. Limited blood and oxygen supply to the brain can impair overall function and memory. A heart healthy lifestyle is also good for brain health. Modifying diet, increasing movement, and engaging in preventative health care can improve vascular health outcomes. recovery. When these stages are interrupted, amyloid and tau levels increase, potentially impacting cognition. Additionally, restricted sleep directly correlates to a reduction in glucose tolerance as well as insulin sensitivity. These risks are present in the early stages of AD. It is thought that this can be the outcome of impaired brain metabolism. These factors indicate the significant impact that good sleep has on brain health. Sleep hygiene is an invaluable component of care in all stages of AD. Self-Assessment Quiz Question #9 Which of the following statements is true? a. Lifestyle changes for heart health can also help improve symptoms of AD. b. Lifestyle changes will not impact the trajectory of AD. c. People who participate in word games and puzzles are may experience less cognitive decline over time. d. Both a and c
AD is rare, impacting less than 10% of all AD patients, there are three single-gene mutations that contribute to the development of amyloid plaques on the brain, a leading confirmation of the disease.
Book Code: SWUS1525
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