Opioids An average of 128 Americans die every day from an opioid overdose (CDC, 2021a). Data concerning opioid use indicates the following (SAMHSA, 2021a). ● There were 10.1 million people age 12 or older who misused opioids in 2020. Most of these people misused prescription pain relievers. Marijuana According to 2019 data (SAMHSA, 2021a): ● An estimated 48.2 million Americans 12 years of age or older (17.5% of the population) used marijuana in the past year. Emerging Trends in Substance Misuse Several troubling emerging trends have also been identified by SAMHSA. These include the following (SAMHSA, 2021a). ● Methamphetamine: In 2019, almost 2 million people had used methamphetamine in the past year. An estimated 1 million people had a methamphetamine use disorder, which was higher than the percentage in 2016, but similar to percentages in 2015 and 2018. Overdose death rates involving methamphetamine quadrupled from 2011 to 2017. The frequent use of methamphetamine is linked to mood disturbances, hallucinations, and paranoia.
● An estimated 1.6 million people age 12 or older had an opioid use disorder. ● An average of 128 Americans die every day from an opioid overdose. ● About 745,000 people used heroin during 2020. ● Opioid use, specifically injection drug use, is a risk factor for contracting HIV, hepatitis B, and hepatitis C. ● About 4.8 million people 12 years of age or older had a marijuana use disorder in the past year. ● Research indicates that marijuana can impair judgment and distort perception in the short term and can lead to memory impairment in the long term. ● Cocaine: In 2019, about 5.5 million people 12 years of age or older were past users of cocaine. Overdose deaths involving cocaine increased by 33% from 2016 to 2017. In the short term, the use of cocaine can cause an elevation in blood pressure, restlessness, and irritability. In the long term, severe medical complications such as heart attacks and seizures can occur. ● Kratom: In 2019, approximately 825,000 people had used Kratom in the past month. Kratom is a tropical plant that grows naturally in Southeast Asia. Its leaves can have psychotropic effects by affecting opioid brain receptors. It is currently not regulated and can cause nausea, pruritis, seizures, and hallucinations. and explores the possibilities of future adulthood (National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, 2019). Assessment of the adolescent depends on understanding the development of four domains: Physical, cognitive, social, and emotional. Consideration of these domains should be part of the assessment process.
ASSESSMENT OF THE ADOLESCENT
Adolescents make up almost 25% of the overall U.S. population. The period of adolescence begins with the onset of puberty and ends in the mid-20s. It is a critical time of development during which primary areas of the brain mature. Adolescence is a period during which the adolescent forms new relationships with peers and adults Physical Domain/Development Physical development consists of physical maturation, including changes in the muscles, bones, and organ systems. Physical development generally comprises sensory development (the organ systems underlying the senses and perception), motor development (the actions of the muscles), and nervous system development (the Cognitive Domain Cognitive development is sometimes referred to as intellectual or mental development. Cognitive activities include thinking, perception, memory, reasoning, concept development, problem solving, and abstract thinking. According to Knoll and colleagues (2016), most early adolescents still think predominantly in concrete terms. They relate information and experiences to what they currently know and find it difficult to think about the future or other concepts to which they have never been exposed. The ability to think abstractly—to project into the future and to Social Domain Social development includes the adolescent’s interactions with other people and their involvement in social groups. The earliest social task is attachment, and the presence or absence of effective parental attachment is a strong predictor of the health and resilience of the child. Developing relationships with adults and peers, assuming a moral system, and eventually assuming a productive role in society are all social tasks (Cooke et al., 2016).
DOMAINS
coordination of both perception and movement). In adolescence, puberty marks intense physical as well as sexual awareness and related social imperatives (Cleveland Clinic, 2018; National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, 2019). Hormonal and body image changes may also affect adolescent behavior. understand intangible concepts—develops as adolescence progresses. The fact that most early adolescents cannot think abstractly has important implications for program planning and necessitates different program approaches from those that would be created for older adolescents. For example, drug prevention programs that ask early adolescents to picture what future opportunities would be lost by using substances would be an ineffective strategy with young people. While each of these four developmental domains can be examined individually, it is misleading to suggest that development occurs separately in each of the four domains. Development in any domain affects—and is affected by—development in each of the other domains. The developmental milestones of adolescence include puberty (drastic maturing of physical and sexual self), a shift from parents to peer groups as the primary influence, and growing independence in thoughts and actions (Meadows- Oliver, 2019).
EliteLearning.com/Social-Work
Book Code: SWUS1525
Page 96
Powered by FlippingBook