Systolic blood pressure (BP) is measured when blood pushes outward against the arterial walls as the ventricles contract. Diastolic BP is measured when the blood pushes with less force as the ventricle relaxes. The ideal BP is Cardiac function When discussing the cardiac cycle (diastole and systole), we are able to review measures of cardiac function. End diastolic volume (EDV) is the amount of blood within the ventricle when it is full. Normal EDV is approximately 120 mL (4 oz). Stroke volume (SV) refers to the amount of blood pumped with each contraction. Normal SV is approximately 65 mL (a little over 2 oz). Ejection fraction (EF) is the ratio of stroke volume to EDV. When looking at normal SV/EDV, we compare 65 mL/120 mL = 0.54. Note that this indicates only a little more than half the blood leaves the ventricle with each contraction. Limits on EDV, SV, and EF are primarily determined by genetics. An Olympic swimmer or distance Heart activity Image 7 shows a typical electrocardiogram (ECG) wave with its correspondence to heart activity. A brief description of each of the waves is: ● P wave: Electrical signal across the atria. ● QRS wave: Electrical signal across the ventricles. ● T wave: Recovery. Image 7: Normal ECG Wave
120/80 millimeters of mercury (mmHg). The higher number indicates the systolic pressure, while the lower number indicates the diastolic pressure (American Heart Association, 2023). runner is gifted with great capacity and—with training and dedication—can have an ejection fraction closer to 0.80 (Thompson & Ozemek, 2023). Self-Assessment Quiz Question #6 A person with an ejection fraction of 0.54 would be
considered: a. Normal. b. Unhealthy. c. Above average. d. A high-level athlete.
Image 8: ECG Comparison
Image 8 shows a brief overview of different heartbeat waves on an ECG. Tachycardia is a steady but overly rapid heartbeat, while bradycardia is a steady slow heartbeat.
PART 2: CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
Signs and symptoms of cardiovascular (CV) disease The major signs and symptoms of CV disease include: ● Chest pain/discomfort/tightness : radiating to the jaw, shoulder, upper back, and/or arm. ● Angina : Pain usually starts behind the sternum. ● Nausea/vomiting/diaphoresis (profuse sweating). ● Palpations : Irregular, fast or “extra” heartbeats; can signal minor or life-threatening issues. ● Cough : Pulmonary symptom that can often be secondary to left ventricular dysfunction. ● Dyspnea : Shortness of breath; cardiac or pulmonary origin.
● Syncope : Fainting, light-headedness; can be from cardiac or parasympathetic origin. ● Cyanosis : Blue discoloration of lips, nails, or toes caused by inadequate oxygen supply. ● Peripheral edema : Swelling in the extremities; can be caused by right ventricular failure. ● Claudication : Cramping or leg pain; typically caused by inadequate oxygen supply. These symptoms may indicate life-threatening conditions, and clinicians should refer patients appropriately. Physical activity requires medical clearance (Thompson & Ozemek, 2023).
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Book Code: MLA1225
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