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Introduction to Aquatic Therapy: Summary
Physiological Responses to Immersion Effects of immersion on the cardiovascular and circulatory system are as follows: • Hydrostatic pressure causes compression of veins, translocating blood from the extremities to the thorax • This leads to improved venous return and decreased blood pooling • Cardiac volume increases around 30%, and stroke volume increases by approximately 35% (immersion to the neck) • Heart rate typically decreases by 12-15% in thermoneutral water (92°F) Pulmonary effects include the following: Chest-deep immersion creates unique challenges and benefits for the respiratory system: • Increases work of breathing by 60% • Decreases vital capacity due to hydrostatic pressure • Enhances respiratory muscle strength through resistance training • Improves ventilation-perfusion matching Neuromuscular effects include the following: • Increases sensory input to all sensory receptors • Improves proprioceptive input when moving in water • Helps those with sensory integration difficulties • Reduces tone and spasticity in the water Musculoskeletal system effects are as follows: • Resting muscle blood flow increases by 225% • Improves oxygen delivery and reduced edema • Reduces pain due to buoyancy (unloading of joints) and sensory overflow while in water
Thermal effects are as follows: LEARNING TIP!
The ideal water temperature for therapeutic pools is 92°F (33.3°C), which is considered thermoneutral— the temperature at which the body neither gains nor loses heat. Skin temperature is typically 92°F.
• In cooler water (below 92°F), peripheral vasoconstriction occurs, reducing blood flow to the skin and extremities. This can lead to muscle tension and reduced flexibility. Cooler water is more ideal for vigorous exercises, athletic training, and competitive swimming • In warmer water (above 92°F), vasodilation occurs, increasing blood flow to the skin and potentially causing fatigue if maintained for extended periods. Warmer water is more ideal for relaxation or light activity Therapists should monitor patients for signs of temperature-related responses, including the following: • Shivering (indicating too cold) • Excessive sweating or fatigue (indicating too warm) • Changes in skin color • Changes in comfort level • Alterations in movement patterns or exercise performance POOL TYPES AND THERAPEUTIC ENVIRONMENTS Static Pools Traditional in-ground pools with varying depths serve as the foundation of many aquatic therapy programs. These pools, typically found in community centers and health clubs, feature: • Variable depths from 3.5 to 12 feet • Larger capacity for multiple clients • Temperature maintenance around 82°F (can vary) • Cost-effectiveness for large-scale programs
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