helpful to educate her that resistance exercise can also help in controlling her diabetes. 4. A combination of measures to examine her improvements with both aerobic and resistance exercise should be used. Any of the measures discussed in the Measuring Change Clinically section would be appropriate, and the best measures for the space available should be used. Given Mrs. RD’s complaints about difficulties getting off the floor and going up and down stairs, chair rises and the SPPB may be particularly relevant. ● Growing Stronger: Strength Training for Older Adults 973-579-3760 http://growingstronger.nutrition.tufts.edu/index.html ● International Council on Active Aging 603-1112 West Pender Street Vancouver, BC V6E 2S1 866-335-9777 http://www.icaa.cc ● National Council on Aging 251 18th Street South, Suite 500 Arlington, VA 22202 Booth, F. W., & Zwetsloot, K. A. (2010). Basic concepts about genes, inactivity and aging. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 20 (1), 1-4. Braden, H. J., Hilgenberg, S., Bohannon, R. W., Ko, M. S., & Hasson, S. (2012). Gait speed is limited but improves over the course of acute care physical therapy. Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy, 35 (3), 140-144. Brismee, J. M., Paige, R. L., Chyu, M. C., Boatright, J. D., Hagar, J. M., McCaleb, J. A., . . . Shen, C. L. (2007). Group and home-based tai chi in elderly subjects with knee osteoarthritis: A randomized controlled trial. Clinical Rehabilitation, 21 (2), 99-111. Bruun, J. M., Helge, J. W., Richelsen, B., & Stallknecht, B. (2006). Diet and exercise reduce low-grade inflammation and macrophage infiltration in adipose tissue but not in skeletal muscle in severely obese subjects. American Journal of Physiology: Endocrinology and Metabolism, 290 (5), E961-967. Cao, J. J. (2011). Effects of obesity on bone metabolism. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research, 6 , 30. Casanova, C., Celli, B.R., Barria, P., Casas, A., Cote, C., de Torres, J.P,…Aguire-Jamie, A.(2011). The 6-min walk distance in healthy subjects: reference standards from seven countries. European Respiratory Journal , 37, 150-156. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2016a). Early release of selected estimates based on data from the National Health Interview Survey . Washington, DC: National Center for Health Statistics. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2016b). QuickStats: Percentage of adults aged ≥65 years meeting 2008 federal guidelines for leisure-time aerobic and muscle- strengthening activities, by age and type of activity - United States, 2000-2002 and 2013- 2015. MMWR: Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 65 (37), 1019. Cesari, M., Kritchevsky, S. B., Penninx, B. W., Nicklas, B. J., Simonsick, E. M., Newman, A. B., . . . Pahor, M. (2005). Prognostic value of usual gait speed in well-functioning older people: Results from the Health, Aging and Body Composition Study. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society, 53 (10), 1675-1680. Cevasco, A. M., & Grant, R. E. (2003). Comparison of different methods for eliciting exercise-to-music for clients with Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of Music Therapy, 40 (1), 41-56. Chen, Y. S., Crowley, Z., Zhou, S., & Cartwright, C. (2012). Effects of 12-week tai chi training on soleus H-reflex and muscle strength in older adults: A pilot study. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 112 (6), 2363-2368. Chester, J. G., & Rudolph, J. L. (2011). Vital signs in older patients: Age-related changes. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 12 (5), 337-343. Chodzko-Zajko, W. J., Proctor, D. N., Fiatarone Singh, M. A., Minson, C. T., Nigg, C. R., Salem, G. J., & Skinner, J. S. (2009). American College of Sports Medicine position stand: Exercise and physical activity for older adults. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 41 (7), 1510-1530. Chou, C. H., Hwang, C. L., & Wu, Y. T. (2012). Effect of exercise on physical function, daily living activities, and quality of life in the frail older adults: A meta-analysis. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 93 (2), 237-244. Colberg, S. R., Sigal, R. J., Fernhall, B., Regensteiner, J. G., Blissmer, B. J., Rubin, R. R., . . . American Diabetes, A. (2010). Exercise and type 2 diabetes: The American College of Sports Medicine and the American Diabetes Association: Joint position statement. Diabetes Care, 33 (12), e147-167. Concannon, L. G., Grierson, M. J., & Harrast, M. A. (2012). Exercise in the older adult: From the sedentary elderly to the masters athlete. PM&R: The journal of injury, function, and rehabilitation, 4 (11), 833-839. Cooper, R., Kuh, D., & Hardy, R. (2010). Objectively measured physical capability levels and mortality: Systematic review and meta-analysis. The BMJ, 341 , c4467. Costello, E., Kafchinski, M., Vrazel, J., & Sullivan, P. (2011). Motivators, barriers, and beliefs regarding physical activity in an older adult population. Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy, 34 (3), 138-147. Cotter, V. T. (2007). The burden of dementia. American Journal of Managed Care, 13 (Suppl 8), S193-197. de Vries, N. M., van Ravensberg, C. D., Hobbelen, J. S., Olde Rikkert, M. G., Staal, J. B., & Nijhuis-van der Sanden, M. W. (2012). Effects of physical exercise therapy on mobility, physical functioning, physical activity and quality of life in community-dwelling older adults with impaired mobility, physical disability and/or multi-morbidity: A meta- analysis. Ageing research reviews, 11 (1), 136-149. 571-527-3900 http://ncoa.org ● National Institute on Aging Building 31, Room 5C27 31 Center Drive, MSC 2292 Bethesda, MD 20892 800-222-2225 http://www.nia.nih.gov DeFina, L. F., Leonard, D., Willis, B. L., Barlow, C. E., Finley, C. E., Jenkins, M. R., . . . Shen, C. L. (2016). High cardiorespiratory fitness is associated with reduced risk of low bone
3. The fear of becoming bulky with resistance exercise is unfounded. With the loss of muscle mass that typically occurs with aging, an increase in muscle mass would be a positive result for Mrs. RD. Education on the benefits of resistance exercise is important. Explaining that resistance exercise can help her to rise better from the floor and going up and down the stairs may be helpful. To address her concerns about blood pressure you can also point out that she will have clearance from her doctor prior to participating and that participation in resistance exercise can actually result in decreased blood pressure over time. Finally, it may be Resources ● American Diabetes Association 2451 Crystal Drive, Suite 900, Arlington, VA 22202 800-342-2383 http://www.diabetes.org ● Arthritis Foundation National Office 1355 Peachtree Street NE Suite 600 Atlanta, GA 30309 404-872-7100 http://www.arthritis.org ● Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Healthy Aging Program 1600 Clifton Road Atlanta, GA 30329-4027 800-232-4636 http://www.cdc.gov/aging Addison, O., Lastayo, P. C., Dibble, L. E., & Marcus, R. L. (2011). Inflammation, aging, and adiposity: Implications for physical therapists. Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy, 35 (2), 86-94. Addison, O., Marcus, R. L., Lastayo, P. C., & Ryan, A. S. (2014). Intermuscular fat: A review of the consequences and causes. International Journal of Endocrinology, 2014 , 309570. Ahmed, M. S., Matsumura, B., & Cristian, A. (2005). Age-related changes in muscles and joints. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America, 16 (1), 19-39. Ahren, B. (2013). Avoiding hypoglycemia: A key to success for glucose-lowering therapy in type 2 diabetes. Vascular Health and Risk Management, 9 , 155-163. Alnahdi, A. H., Zeni, J. A., & Snyder-Mackler, L. (2012). Muscle impairments in patients with knee osteoarthritis. Sports Health, 4 (4), 284-292. American Diabetes Association. (2016). Standards of medical care in diabetes: 2016. Diabetes Care, 39 (Suppl 1),S23-35. American Physical Therapy Association. (2012). Vision 2020. Retrieved from https://www. apta.org/vision2020/. American Physical Therapy Association. (2013). Vision statement for the physical therapy profession and guiding principles to achieve the vision. Retrieved from http://www.apta. org/Vision/. Andersen, L. B., Mota, J., & Di Pietro, L. (2016). Update on the global pandemic of physical inactivity. Lancet, 388 (10051), 1255-1256. Apostolopoulou, M., Savopoulos, C., Michalakis, K., Coppack, S., Dardavessis, T., & Hatzitolios, A. (2012). Age, weight and obesity. Maturitas, 71 (2), 115-119. Atkins, G. J., & Findlay, D. M. (2012). Osteocyte regulation of bone mineral: A little give and take. Osteoporosis International, 23 (8), 2067-2079. ATS statement: Guidelines for the six-minute walk test. (2002). American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 166 (1), 111-117. Audelin, M. C., Savage, P. D., Toth, M. J., Harvey-Berino, J., Schneider, D. J., Bunn, J. Y., . . . Ades, P. A. (2012). Change of energy expenditure from physical activity is the most powerful determinant of improved insulin sensitivity in overweight patients with coronary artery disease participating in an intensive lifestyle modification program. Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental, 61 (5), 672-679. References Bacchi, E., Negri, C., Zanolin, M. E., Milanese, C., Faccioli, N., Trombetta, M., . . . Moghetti, P. (2012). Metabolic effects of aerobic training and resistance training in type 2 diabetic subjects: A randomized controlled trial (the RAED2 study). Diabetes Care, 35 (4), 676-682. Barbat-Artigas, S., Filion, M. E., Dupontgand, S., Karelis, A. D., & Aubertin-Leheudre, M. (2011). Effects of tai chi training in dynapenic and nondynapenic postmenopausal women. Menopause, 18 (9), 974-979. Barbat-Artigas, S., Rolland, Y., Zamboni, M., & Aubertin-Leheudre, M. (2012). How to assess functional status: A new muscle quality index. The Journal of Nutrition, Health & Aging, 16 (1), 67-77. Barthuly, A. M., Bohannon, R. W., & Gorack, W. (2012). Gait speed is a responsive measure of physical performance for patients undergoing short-term rehabilitation. Gait and Posture, 36 (1), 61-64. Barzilai, N., Huffman, D. M., Muzumdar, R. H., & Bartke, A. (2012). The critical role of metabolic pathways in aging. Diabetes, 61 (6), 1315-1322. Beck, A. M., Damkjaer, K., & Beyer, N. (2008). Multifaceted nutritional intervention among nursing-home residents has a positive influence on nutrition and function. Nutrition, 24 (11-12), 1073-1080. Bennell, K. L., Hall, M., & Hinman, R. S. (2016). Osteoarthritis year in review 2015: Rehabilitation and outcomes. Osteoarthritis and Cartilage, 24 (1), 58-70. Benton, M. J., & Alexander, J. L. (2009). Validation of functional fitness tests as surrogates for strength measurement in frail, older adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. American Journal of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 88 (7), 579-583; quiz 584-576, 590. Bohannon, R. W. (2009). Dynamometer measurements of grip and knee extension strength: Are they indicative of overall limb and trunk muscle strength? Perceptual and Motor Skills, 108 (2), 339-342. Bohannon, R.W.& Andrews, A.W.(2011). Normal walking speed: a descriptive meta- analysis. Physiotherapy, 97, 182-189. Bohannon, R.W., Peolsson, A., Massy-Westropp, N., Desrosiers, J., Bear-Lehman, J. (2006) . Reference values for adult grip strength measured with a Jamar dynamometer: a descriptive meta-analysis. Physiotherapy, 92, 1-15. Booth, F. W., Laye, M. 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