As more is understood about human trafficking patterns and practices, resources can be refined, thus improving current infrastructure and developing new protocols. All healthcare
professionals can take it upon themselves to stay informed about the issues surrounding human trafficking and the progress being made in supporting survivors.
Resources Government & Legal Resources
longer-term “T nonimmigrant status,” or T visa. The “U nonimmigrant status,” or U visa, is conferred to persons who committed certain crimes but are helpful in investigations or prosecutions. Survivors of human trafficking are eligible for both visas; the difference is in the level of cooperation required. The T visa may also eventually lead to eligibility for citizenship (USCIS, 2014). These visas and services from the DHS are important to empowering survivors, especially foreign nationals who were transported under fraudulent pretenses. Resources for Children Child protective services are vital for sex- and/or labor-trafficked children. Several institutions offer protective services to children who have been exploited by traffickers. • The National Center for Missing & Exploited Children assist s children who have been abducted or sexually exploited, as well as their families and the professionals who aid them. http://www.missingkids.com 1-800-THE-LOST (1-800-843-5678) • The Childhelp National Child Abuse Hotline offers crisis center counselors who can connect callers to a local number for reporting physical or sexual child abuse. • The National Human Trafficking Resource Center and Hotline features a quick exit button for those using the confidential hotline to seek help and needing to avoid alerting their trafficker. http://www.traffickingresourcecenter.org 1-888-373-7888 • The National Survivor Network was launched by the Coalition to Abolish Slavery and Trafficking (CAST). Its mission is to bring together a community of survivors of human trafficking by creating a platform for survivor-led advocacy, peer-to-peer mentorship, and empowerment that embraces all survivors, regardless of gender, age, nationality, https://www.childhelp.org/hotline/ 1-800-4-A-CHILD (1-800-422-4453)
• Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) The Department of Health and Human Services has developed several initiatives and programs, including the Anti-Trafficking in Persons Program (ATIP) and the Stop, Observe, Ask, and Respond (SOAR) to Health and Wellness Training program. ATIP works to increase awareness of the issue through campaigns such as Rescue and Restore while aiding survivors in becoming eligible for public benefits and services, similar to those available for refugees. The SOAR to Health and Wellness Training program focuses on training healthcare providers on protocols and increased awareness, highlighting the need to provide patient-centered trauma- informed care. • Department of Homeland Security (DHS) The Department of Homeland Security has created the Blue Campaign, a collaboration among law enforcement, government, nongovernment, and private organizations to protect the rights of trafficked persons. The Blue Campaign provides information and training for professionals across many fields to recognize and assist those who are trafficked. The Blue Campaign’s most recent task is to implement the Justice for Victims of Trafficking Act (2015), increasing training on deterring, detecting, and reporting potential trafficking. The Department of Homeland Security Hotline is available to report suspected trafficking cases: 1-866-347- 2423. • Department of Justice A number of organizations within the Department of Justice advocate for and assist trafficking survivors in obtaining legal representation and prepare lawyers and law enforcement officials to handle trafficking situations. These include the Human Trafficking Prosecution Unit, the Anti-Human Trafficking Task Force Initiative, and the Child Exploitation and Obscenity Section. • The National Conference of State Legislatures This organization provides information on human trafficking laws related to mandatory reporting, available at http://www. ncsl.org/research/human-services/redirect-mandatory-rprtg- of-child-abuse-and-neglect-2013.aspx https://www.ncsl.org/research/civil-and-criminal-justice/ human-trafficking.aspx • The U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) This organization helps trafficking survivors navigate the legal rights to which they are entitled, such as obtaining Continued Presence (CP) status, T visas, and U visas. Both the T visa and U visa give trafficking survivors the right to work within the United States if they are foreign nationals (USCIS, 2017). CP status is the short-term variation of the Ahn, R., Alpert, E. J., Purcell, G., Konstantopoulos, W. M., McGahan, A., Cafferty, E., Eckardt, M., Conn, K.L., Cappetta, K., & Burke, T. F. (2013). Human trafficking: Review of educational resources for health professionals. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 44(3), 283-289. • Alpert, E. J., Ahn, R., Albright, E., Purcell, G., Burke, T. F., & Macias-Konstantopoulos, W. L. (2014). Human trafficking: Guidebook on identification, assessment, and response in the health care setting. Waltham, MA. MGH Human Trafficking Initiative, Division of Global Health and Human Rights, Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, and Committee on Violence Intervention and Prevention, Massachusetts Medical Society. • Baldwin, S. B., Eisenman, D. P., Sayles, J. N., Ryan, G., & Chuang, K. S. (2011). Identification of human trafficking victims in health care settings. Health and Human Rights Journal, 13(1), E36-E49. • Baldwin, S. B., Fehrenbacher, A. E., & Eisenman, D. P. (2014). Psychological coercion in human trafficking: An application of Biderman’s framework. Qualitative Health Research, 25(9), 1171-1181. doi: 10.1177/1049732314557087 • Bohnert, C. A., Calhoun, A. W., & Mittel, O. F. (2017). Taking up the mantle of human trafficking education: Who should be responsible? American Medical Association Journal of Ethics, 19(1), 35-42. • Child Welfare Information Gateway. (2019). Mandatory reporters of child abuse and neglect. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Children’s Bureau. Retrieved from https://www.childwelfare. gov/topics/systemwide/laws-policies/statutes/manda/ • Clawson, H. J., Salomon, A., & Grace, L. G. (2008). Treating the hidden wounds: Trauma treatment and mental health recovery for victims of human trafficking. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Health & Human Services. • de Chesnay, M. (Ed.). (2013). Sex trafficking: A clinical guide for nurses. New York, NY: Springer. • Dovydaitis, T. (2010). Human trafficking: The role of the health care provider. Journal of Midwifery & Women’s Health, 55(5), 462-467. doi:10.1016/j.jmwh.2009.12.017 • Fitzpatrick, S. (2010, June 14). Up to 12 asylum seekers drowned in an attempt to reach Australia, survivor says. The Australian. • Gradus, J. L., Antonsen, S., Svensson, E., Lash, T. L., Resick, P. A., & Hansen, J. G. (2015). Trauma, comorbidity, and mortality following diagnoses of severe stress and adjustment disorders: A nationwide cohort study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 182(5), 451-458. • Greenbaum, V. J. (2014). Commercial sexual exploitation and sex trafficking of children in the United States. Current Problems in Pediatric and Adolescent Health Care, 44(9), 245-269. References •
or type of trafficking experience. http://nationalsurvivornetwork.org/ CAST 24-hour hotline: 1-888-539-2373 • Polaris Project Resources Page
Polaris is a leader in the global fight to eradicate modern slavery. Named after the North Star that guided slaves to freedom in the United States, Polaris systemically disrupts the human trafficking networks that rob human beings of their
lives and their freedom. https://polarisproject.org
• Heffernan, K., & Blythe, B. (2014). Evidence-based practice: Developing a trauma-informed lens to case management for victims of human trafficking. Global Social Welfare, 1(4), 169-177. doi:10.1007/s40609-014- 0007-8 • Hossain, M., Zimmerman, C., Abas, M., Light, M., & Watts, C. (2010). The relationship of trauma to mental disorders among trafficked and sexually exploited girls and women. American Journal of Public Health, 100(12), 2442-2449. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2009.173229 • International Labour Office. (2014). Profits and poverty: The economics of forced labour. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office. Retrieved from http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_norm/--- declaration/documents/publication/wcms_243391.pdf • International Organization for Migration. (2009). Caring for trafficked persons: guidance for health providers. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Migration. • Interpol (n.d.). Types of human trafficking. https://www.interpol.int/en/Crimes/Human-trafficking/Types-of- human-trafficking • Jobe, A. (2010). The causes and consequences of re-trafficking: Evidence from the IOM Human Trafficking Database. Geneva, Switzerland: International Organization for Migration. • Jorge-Birol, A. P. (2010). Empowering victims of human trafficking: The role of support, assistance, and protection policies. HUMSEC Journal, 2, 163-178. • Kilpatrick, D. G., Resnick, H. S., Milanak, M. E., Miller, M. W., Keyes, K. M., & Friedman, M. J. (2013). National estimates of exposure to traumatic events and PTSD prevalence using DSM-IV and DSM-5 criteria. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 26(5), 537-547. doi:10.1002/jts.21848 • Kiss, L., Pocock, N. S., Naisanguansri, V., Suos, S., Dickson, B., Thuy, D., Koehler, J., Sirisup, K, Pongrungsee, N., Nguyen, V.A., Borland, R., Dhavan, P., &Zimmerman, C. (2015). Health of men, women, and children in post-trafficking services in Cambodia, Thailand, and Vietnam: An observational cross-sectional study. The Lancet Global Health, 3(3), e154-e161. doi:10.1016/S2214-109X(15)70016-1 • Konstantopoulos, W.M., Ahn, R., Alpert, E. J., Cafferty, E., McGahan, A., Williams, T. P., Castor, J. P., Wolferstan, N., Purcell, G., & Burke, T. F. (2013). An international comparative public health analysis of sex trafficking of women and girls in eight cities: Achieving a more effective health sector response. Journal of Urban Health, 90(6), 1194-1204. doi:10.1007/s11524-013-9837-4 • Lederer, L. J., & Wetzel, C. A. (2014). The health consequences of sex trafficking and their implications for identifying victims in healthcare facilities. Annals of Health Law 23(1), 61-92. • National Conference of State Legislatures. (2020, July. Human trafficking overview. Retrieved from http://www. ncsl.org/research/civil-and-criminal-justice/human-trafficking.aspx
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