● Addressing systemic racism, sexism, and other forms of discrimination, which leads to multiple layers of stigma for many people with addiction. 17 Risk factors for substance use disorders Risk factors influence a young individual’s likelihood of developing SUD. Some of the risk factors are as follows 18 : ● Family history of substance use. ● Favorable parental attitudes toward the behavior. ● Poor parental monitoring. ● Parental substance use. ● Family rejection of sexual orientation or gender identity. ● Association with delinquent or substance-using peers. Other risk factors include 19 : ● Avoidant coping style. ● Bereavement. ● Chronic pain or physical illness/comorbidity. ● Significant stressful life changes. ● Social isolation. Individuals who demonstrate a chronic loss of control or compulsive use of substances along with a wide range of negative effects (mental, physical, and social well-being) meet the criteria for substance related disorders. 8 Standardized screening is important to determine the stage of substance use, consequences, and functional impairment. 5 ● Lack of school connectedness. ● Low academic achievement. ● Childhood sexual abuse. ● Mental health issues. The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) is the agency within the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services that leads public health efforts to advance the behavioral health of the nation. To facilitate understanding of
the risks of SUD, SAMHSA developed the Strategic Prevention Framework (SPF). The five steps and two guiding principles of the SPF offer prevention planners a comprehensive approach to understanding and addressing the substance misuse and related behavioral health problems facing their states and communities. The SPF includes these five steps 20 : 1. Assessment : Identify local prevention needs based on data (e.g., What is the problem?). 2. Capacity : Build local resources and readiness to address prevention needs (e.g., What do you have to work with?). 3. Planning : Find out what works to address prevention needs and how to do it well (e.g., What should you do and how should you do it?). 4. Implementation : Deliver evidence-based programs and practices as intended (e.g., How can you put your plan into action?). 5. Evaluation : Examine the process and outcomes of programs and practices (e.g., Is your plan succeeding?). The SPF is also guided by two cross-cutting principles that should be integrated into each of the steps that comprise it: 1. Cultural competence . The ability of an individual or organization to understand and interact effectively with people who have different values, lifestyles, and traditions based on their distinctive heritage and social relationships. 2. Sustainability . The process of building an adaptive and effective system that achieves and maintains desired long-term results.
ALCOHOL USE DISORDER
Alcohol addiction is a chronic relapsing disorder associated with compulsive drinking. Alcohol use is a common disorder that is defined by a cluster of behavioral and physical symptoms and can include withdrawal, tolerance, and craving. Approximately 69.5% of those ages 18 and older reported drinking alcohol in the past year, with 59.4% admitting to drinking alcohol in the last month. 21 Severity of alcohol use disorder is based on the number of diagnostic criteria in a given individual, along with changes in severity of alcohol use across time, reflected by reductions in the frequency of alcohol Addiction cycle in alcohol use disorder Alcohol consumption is linked to health and social consequences interfering in personal relationships, frequent medical complications including cancer, motor vehicle collisions, and violence. The powerful effects on the brain account for euphoria and pleasurable feelings, increasing the motivation to use these substances despite the risk of harm. The addiction cycle is based on three concepts: (1) binge/
consumed. Alcohol use disorder has a variable course characterized by remissions and relapses. Alcohol use disorder is associated with increased risks of accidents and injury, violence, and suicide. Severe alcohol use is associated with comorbid conditions such as depression or other disinhibitions of feelings, which contribute to suicide attempts as well as completed suicides. 4 Other disorders associated with alcohol use disorders include psychosis, bipolar disorders, anxiety disorders, sleep disorders, and neurocognitive disorders. Long-term alcohol use can also cause complications in almost every physiologic system. intoxication, (2) withdrawal/negative effects, and (3) preoccupation/anticipation. An individual may experience all stages in the course of a day or over weeks or months. 21 1. Binge/intoxication stage is a stage where an individual experiences the rewards including euphoria, anxiety reduction, and easing of social interactions. Repeat activation of the basal ganglia
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Book Code: MDCO1025
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