Conclusion Differential diagnosis is a critical part of the initial assessment of physical therapy clients. With direct access to physical therapy services, clinicians must be aware of potential systemic and viscerogenic conditions that might explain the client’s symptoms. Although infrequent, these situations can be serious and may necessitate referral to another healthcare provider. Adams, L. M., & Turk, D. C. (2015). Psychosocial factors and central sensitivity syndromes. Current rheumatology reviews , 11 (2), 96-108. https://doi.org/10.2174/1573397111666150 619095330 Agency for Health Care Policy and Research. (1994). Acute low back problems in adults: Assessment and treatment. Clinical Practice Guideline: Quick Reference Guide for Clinicians, 14, iii-25. Ahuja, V., Yencha, M. W., & Lassen, L. F. (1999). Head and neck manifestations of gastroesophageal reflux disease. American Family Physician , 60 (3), 873-886. Akaishi, T., Kobayashi, J., Abe, M., Ishizawa, K., Nakashima, I., Aoki, M., & Ishii, T. (2019). Sensitivity and specificity of meningeal signs in patients with meningitis. Journal of general and family medicine , 20 (5), 193-198. https://doi.org/10.1002/jgf2.268 References Akhavan, N. N., Brar, T. S., & Maska, E. (2017) Lung adenocarcinoma presenting as worsening of chronic neck pain: A cautionary tale. Clinical Medicine Insights: Case reports 1-3. doi: 10.1177/1179547617691040 Aliprandi, A., Borelli, P., Polonia, V., & Salmaggi, A. (2020). Headache in cerebral venous thrombosis. Neurological sciences: Official Journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology , 41 (Suppl 2), 401-406. https://doi. org/10.1007/s10072-020-04784-w Altitude Sickness: Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment & Prevention . (n.d.). Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/15111-altitude-sickness Anarte, E., Ferreira Carvalho, G., Schwarz, A., Luedtke, K., & Falla, D. (2019). Can physical testing be used to distinguish between migraine and cervicogenic headache sufferers? A protocol for a systematic review. BMJ Open , 9 (11), e031587. https://doi.org/10.1136/ bmjopen-2019-031587 Anarte-Lazo, E., Carvalho, G. F., Schwarz, A. et al. (2021). Differentiating migraine, cervicogenic headache and asymptomatic individuals based on physical examination findings: A systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders, 22 , 755. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-021-04595-w Angina - Symptoms and causes . (2022, March 30). Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/ diseases-conditions/angina/symptoms-causes/syc-20369373 Arendt-Nielsen, L., Fernández-de-Las-Peñas, C., & Graven-Nielsen, T. (2011). Basic aspects of musculoskeletal pain: From acute to chronic pain. The Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy , 19 (4), 186-193. https://doi.org/10.1179/106698111X13129729551903 Balthillaya, G. M., Parsekar, S. S., Gangavelli, R., Prabhu, N., Bhat, S. N., & Rao, B. K. (2022). Effectiveness of posture-correction interventions for mechanical neck pain and posture among people with forward head posture: Protocol for a systematic review. BMJ Open , 12 (3), e054691. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-054691 Barbiani, D., Camerone, E., & Benedetti, F. (2018). What is the relative contribution of biological and psychosocial factors to the generation of hypoxia headache? Canadian Journal of Pain (Revue canadienne de la douleur) , 2 (1), 160-168. https://doi.org/10.1080/24 740527.2018.1478224 Beeharry, M. W., Moqeem, K., & Rohilla, M. U. (2021). Management of cervical spine fractures: A literature review. Cureus , 13 (4), e14418. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.14418 Bigal, M. E., & Lipton, R. B. (2007). The differential diagnosis of chronic daily headaches: An algorithm-based approach. The Journal of Headache and Pain , 8 (5), 263-272. https://doi. org/10.1007/s10194-007-0418-3 Boissonnault, W. G., & Bass, C. (1990). Pathological origins of trunk and neck pain: Part II. Disorders of the cardiovascular and pulmonary systems. The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy , 12 (5), 208-215. https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.1990.12.5.208 Bolay, H., Gül, A., & Baykan, B. (2020). COVID-19 is a Real Headache! Headache , 60 (7), 1415-1421. https://doi.org/10.1111/head.13856 Bone metastasis - Symptoms and causes . (2022b, April 27). Mayo Clinic. https://www. mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/bone-metastasis/symptoms-causes/syc-20370191 Bordoni, B., & Varacallo, M. (2022, January). Anatomy: head and neck, scalenus muscle. StatPearls . https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK519058/ Bravo Petersen, S. M., & Vardaxis, V. G. (2015). The flexion-rotation test performed actively and passively: A comparison of range of motion in patients with cervicogenic headache. The Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy , 23 (2), 61-67. https://doi.org/10.1179/2042 618614Y.0000000085 Byun, S. H., Min, C., Yoo, D. M., Yang, B. E., & Choi, H. G. (2020). Increased risk of migraine in patients with temporomandibular disorder: A longitudinal follow-up study using a national health screening cohort. Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) , 10 (9), 724. https://doi. org/10.3390/diagnostics10090724 Calvo-Romero J. M. (2003). Giant cell arteritis. Postgraduate Medical Journal , 79 (935), 511- 515. https://doi.org/10.1136/pmj.79.935.511 Caponnetto, V., Deodato, M., Robotti, M., Koutsokera, M., Pozzilli, V., Galati, C., Nocera, G., De Matteis, E., De Vanna, G., Fellini, E., Halili, G., Martinelli, D., Nalli, G., Serratore, S., Tramacere, I., Martelletti, P., Raggi, A., & European Headache Federation School of Advanced Studies (EHF-SAS) (2021). Comorbidities of primary headache disorders: A literature review with meta-analysis. The Journal of Headache And Pain , 22 (1), 71. https:// doi.org/10.1186/s10194-021-01281-z Carvalho, A. D., Figueiredo, J., Schroeder, G. D., Vaccaro, A. R., & Rodrigues-Pinto, R. (2019). Odontoid fractures: A critical review of current management and future directions. Clinical Spine Surgery , 32 (8), 313-323. https://doi.org/10.1097/BSD.0000000000000872 Carvalho, G. F., Schwarz, A., Szikszay, T. M., Adamczyk, W. M., Bevilaqua-Grossi, D., & Luedtke, K. (2020). Physical therapy and migraine: Musculoskeletal and balance dysfunctions and their relevance for clinical practice. Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy , 24 (4), 306-317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bjpt.2019.11.001 Carvallaro Goodman, C., Heick, J., & Lazaro, R. T. (2018). Differential diagnosis for physical therapists: screening for referral (6th ed.). Elsevier. Cervical Anatomy . (n.d.). Physiopedia. https://www.physio-pedia.com/Cervical_Anatomy Childress, M. A., & Becker, B. A. (2016). Nonoperative management of cervical radiculopathy. American Family Physician , 93 (9), 746-754. Cho, S. J., Song, T. J., & Chu, M. K. (2019). Sleep and tension-type headache. Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports , 19 (7), 44. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11910-019-0953-8 Common Cold: Symptoms, Cold vs. Flu, How Long It Lasts, Treatment . (n.d.-b). Cleveland Clinic. https://my.clevelandclinic.org/health/diseases/12342-common-cold Cook, C., Roman, M., Stewart, K. M., Leithe, L. G., & Isaacs, R. (2009). Reliability and diagnostic accuracy of clinical special tests for myelopathy in patients seen for cervical dysfunction. The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy , 39 (3), 172-178. https://doi.org/10.2519/jospt.2009.2938 Cook, C. E., George, S. Z., & Reiman, M. P. (2018). Red flag screening for low back pain: Nothing to see here, move along. A narrative review. British Journal of Sports Medicine , 52 (8), 493-496. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2017-098352 Cooper, G., Bailey, B., & Bogduk, N. (2007). Cervical zygapophysial joint pain maps. Pain Medicine (Malden, Mass.) , 8 (4), 344-353. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1526-4637.2006.00201.x Cote, R., Vietas, C., Kolakowski, M., Lombardo, K., Prete, J., & Dashottar, A. (2021). Inter- and intra-rater reliability of measuring photometric craniovertebral angle using a cloud- based video communication platform. International Journal of Telerehabilitation , 13 (1), e6346. https://doi.org/10.5195/ijt.2021.6346 Dale, P. C., Thomas, J. C., & Hazle, C. R. (2020). Physical therapist clinical reasoning and classification inconsistencies in headache disorders: A United States survey. The Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy , 28 (1), 28-40. https://doi.org/10.1080/10669817.2019.16 45414 Davies, B. M., Mowforth, O. D., Smith, E. K., & Kotter, M. R. (2018). Degenerative cervical myelopathy. BMJ , k186. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.k186 de Almeida Tolentino, G., Lima Florencio, L., Ferreira Pinheiro, C., et al. (2021). Effects of combining manual therapy, neck muscle exercises, and therapeutic pain neuroscience education in patients with migraine: A study protocol for a randomized clinical trial. BMC Neurologyl, 21 , 249. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12883-021-02290-w de Coo, I. F., Naber, W. C., Wilbrink, L. A., Haan, J., Ferrari, M. D., & Fronczek, R. (2019). Increased use of illicit drugs in a Dutch cluster headache population. Cephalalgia : an international journal of headache , 39 (5), 626–634. https://doi. org/10.1177/0333102418804160 Di Paolo, C., D'Urso, A., Papi, P., Di Sabato, F., Rosella, D., Pompa, G., & Polimeni, A. (2017). Temporomandibular disorders and headache: A retrospective analysis of 1198 patients. Pain Research & Management , 3203027. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/3203027 Do, T. P., Remmers, A., Schytz, H. W., Schankin, C., Nelson, S. E., Obermann, M., Hansen, J. M., Sinclair, A. J., Gantenbein, A. R., & Schoonman, G. G. (2019). Red and orange flags for secondary headaches in clinical practice: SNNOOP10 list. Neurology , 92 (3), 134-144. https://doi.org/10.1212/WNL.0000000000006697 Eigenbrodt, A. K., Ashina, H., Khan, S., Diener, H. C., Mitsikostas, D. D., Sinclair, A. J., Pozo-Rosich, P., Martelletti, P., Ducros, A., Lantéri-Minet, M., Braschinsky, M., Del Rio, M. S., Daniel, O., Özge, A., Mammadbayli, A., Arons, M., Skorobogatykh, K., Romanenko,
Once systemic and viscerogenic origins of cervical pain are eliminated, the assessing clinician can confidentially proceed with assignation of the appropriate diagnosis. This, in turn, helps determine the most effective plan of care so that the physical therapist can effectively treat the client’s presenting symptoms.
V., Terwindt, G. M., Paemeleire, K., … Ashina, M. (2021). Diagnosis and management of migraine in ten steps. Nature Reviews: Neurology , 17 (8), 501-514. https://doi.org/10.1038/ s41582-021-00509-5 Espinosa Jovel CA, Sobrino Mejia FE. Caffeine and headaches: specific remarks. Neurologia. 32(6). July-August 2017, 394-398. Evangelatos, G., & Iliopoulos, A. (2017). Headache in patients with Paget's disease of bones. Journal of Frailty, Sarcopenia and Falls , 2 (2), 16-20. Fernández-de-Las-Peñas, C., Florencio, L. L., Plaza-Manzano, G., & Arias-Buría, J. L. (2020). Clinical reasoning behind non-pharmacological interventions for the management of headaches: A narrative literature review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health , 17 (11), 4126. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17114126 Fernando, S. M., & Perry, J. J. (2017). Subarachnoid hemorrhage. CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association Journal (journal de l'Association medicale Canadienne) , 189 (46), E1421. https:// doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.170893 Filatova, E., Latysheva, N., & Kurenkov, A. (2008). Evidence of persistent central sensitization in chronic headaches: A multi-method study. The Journal of Headache and Pain , 9 (5), 295- 300. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10194-008-0061-7 Flynn, T., Cleland, J. A., & Whitman, J. M. (2016). User’s guide to the musculoskeletal examination: Fundamentals for the evidence-based clinician. Louisville, KY: Evidence in Motion. Focal neurologic deficits . (n.d.). https://medlineplus.gov/ency/article/003191.htm Forbes, J., & Cronovich, H. (2022, January). Romberg test. StatPearls. https://www.ncbi.nlm. nih.gov/books/NBK563187/ Garg, B., & Ahuja, K. (2021). C-spine clearance in poly-trauma patients: A narrative review. Journal of Clinical Orthopaedics and Trauma , 12 (1), 66-71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. jcot.2020.10.020 Gembruch, O., Lemonas, E., Ahmadipour, Y., Sure, U., El Hindy, N., Dodel, R., & Müller, O. (2019). Treatment of odontoid type II fractures in octogenarians: Balancing two different treatment strategies. Neurospine , 16 (2), 360-367. https://doi.org/10.14245/ns.1836250.125 George, S. Z., Beneciuk, J. M., Lentz, T. A., Wu, S. S., Dai, Y., Bialosky, J. E., & Zeppieri, G., Jr. (2018). Optimal screening for prediction of referral and outcome (OSPRO) for musculoskeletal pain conditions: Results from the validation cohort. The Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy , 48 (6), 460-475. https://doi.org/10.2519/ jospt.2018.7811 Getsoian, S. L., Gulati, S. M., Okpareke, I., Nee, R. J., & Jull, G. A. (2020). Validation of a clinical examination to differentiate a cervicogenic source of headache: A diagnostic prediction model using controlled diagnostic blocks. BMJ Open , 10 (5), e035245. https:// doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-035245 Gibson, J., Nouri, A., Krueger, B., Lakomkin, N., Nasser, R., Gimbel, D., & Cheng, J. (2018). Degenerative cervical myelopathy: A clinical review. Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine , 91 (1), 43-48. Gillick, J. L., Wainwright, J., & Das, K. (2015). Rheumatoid arthritis and the cervical spine: A review on the role of surgery. International Journal of Rheumatology , 2015 , 252456. https:// doi.org/10.1155/2015/252456 Glen, S. (n.d.). Likelihood ratio (medicine): asic definition, interpretation. StatisticsHowTo. com: Elementary Statistics for the Rest of Us! https://www.statisticshowto.com/likelihoo- ratio/ Gonschorek, O., Vordemvenne, T., Blattert, T., Katscher, S., Schnake, K. J., & Spine Section of the German Society for Orthopaedics and Trauma. (2018). Treatment of odontoid fractures: Recommendations of the Spine Section of the German Society for Orthopaedics and Trauma (DGOU). Global Spine Journal , 8 (2 Suppl), 12S-17S. https://doi. org/10.1177/2192568218768227 Hainer, B. L., & Matheson, E. M. (2013). Approach to acute headache in adults. American Family Physician , 87 (10), 682-687. Hall, T., Briffa, K., & Hopper, D. (2008). Clinical evaluation of cervicogenic headache: A clinical perspective. The Journal of Manual & Manipulative Therapy , 16 (2), 73-80. https:// doi.org/10.1179/106698108790818422 Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome - Symptoms and causes . (2022, January 7). Mayo Clinic. https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/hantavirus-pulmonary-syndrome/ symptoms-causes/syc-20351838 Hatzenbuehler, J., & Pulling, T. J. (2011). Diagnosis and management of osteomyelitis. American Family Physician , 84 (9), 1027-1033. Hayashi, K., Miki, K., Ikemoto, T., Ushida, T., & Shibata, M. (2019). Factors influencing outcomes among patients with whiplash-associated disorder: A population-based study in Japan. PloS One , 14 (5), e0216857. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0216857 Hayreh, S. S. (2021). Giant cell arteritis: Its ophthalmic manifestations. Indian Journal of Ophthalmology , 69 (2), 227-235. https://doi.org/10.4103/ijo.IJO_1681_20 Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society (IHS). (2018). The international classification of headache disorders (3rd ed.). Cephalalgia: An International Journal if Headache , 38 (1), 1-211. https://doi.org/10.1177/0333102417738202 Heick, J., & Lazaro, R. T. (2023). Goodman and Snyder’s differential diagnosis for physical therapists: screening for referral (7th ed.). Elsevier. Hidalgo, B., Hall, T., Bossert, J., Dugeny, A., Cagnie, B., & Pitance, L. (2017). The efficacy of manual therapy and exercise for treating non-specific neck pain: A systematic review. Journal of Back and Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation , 30 (6), 1149-1169. https://doi. org/10.3233/BMR-169615 Hilton, B., Gardner, E. L., Jiang, Z., Tetreault, L., Wilson, J., Zipser, C. M., Riew, K. D., Guest, J. D., Harrop, J. S., Fehlings, M. G., Rodrigues-Pinto, R., Rahimi-Movaghar, V., Aarabi, B., Koljonen, P. A., Kotter, M., Davies, B. M., & Kwon, B. K. (2022). Establishing diagnostic criteria for degenerative cervical myelopathy (AO Spine RECODE-DCM Research Priority Number 3). Global Spine Journal , 12 (1Suppl), 55S-63S. https://doi. org/10.1177/21925682211030871 Hoy, D., March, L., Woolf, A., Blyth, F., Brooks, P., Smith, E., Vos, T., Barendregt, J., Blore, J., Murray, C., Burstein, R., & Buchbinder, R. (2014). The global burden of neck pain: Estimates from the global burden of disease 2010 study. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases , 73 (7), 1309-1315. https://doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-204431 Hurley, R. W., Adams, M., Barad, M., Bhaskar, A., Bhatia, A., Chadwick, A., Deer, T. R., Hah, J., Hooten, W. M., Kissoon, N. R., Lee, D. W., Mccormick, Z., Moon, J. Y., Narouze, S., Provenzano, D. A., Schneider, B. J., van Eerd, M., Van Zundert, J., Wallace, M. S., Wilson, S. M., … Cohen, S. P. (2022). Consensus practice guidelines on interventions for cervical spine (facet) joint pain from a multispecialty international working group. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine , 47 (1), 3-59. https://doi.org/10.1136/rapm-2021-103031 Inan, N., & Ateş, Y. (2005). Cervicogenic headache: Pathophysiology, diagnostic criteria and treatment. Agri: Agri (Algoloji) Dernegi'nin Yayin organidir (The journal of the Turkish Society of Algology) , 17 (4), 23-30. Jiang, W., Li, Z., Wei, N., Chang, W., Chen, W., & Sui, H. J. (2019). Effectiveness of physical therapy on the suboccipital area of patients with tension-type headache: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Medicine , 98 (19), e15487. https://doi.org/10.1097/ MD.0000000000015487 Joshi, S., Balthillaya, G., & Neelapala, Y. (2019). Thoracic posture and mobility in mechanical neck pain population: A review of the literature. Asian Spine Journal , 13 (5), 849-860. https:// doi.org/10.31616/asj.2018.0302 Ju, Y. E. S., & Schwedt, T. J. (2010). Abrupt-onset severe headaches. Seminars in Neurology , 30 (2), 192-200. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0030-1249229 Kalsi-Ryan, S., Clout, J., Rostami, P., Massicotte, E. M., & Fehlings, M. G. (2019). Duration of symptoms in the quantification of upper limb disability and impairment for individuals with mild degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM). PloS One , 14 (9), e0222134. https://doi. org/10.1371/journal.pone.0222134 Kalsi-Ryan, S., Riehm, L. E., Tetreault, L., Martin, A. R., Teoderascu, F., Massicotte, E., Curt, A., Verrier, M. C., Velstra, I. M., & Fehlings, M. G. (2020). Characteristics of upper limb impairment related to degenerative cervical myelopathy: Development of a sensitive hand assessment (graded redefined assessment of strength, sensibility, and prehension version myelopathy). Neurosurgery , 86 (3), E292-E299. https://doi.org/10.1093/neuros/nyz499 Kang, K. C., Lee, H. S., & Lee, J. H. (2020). Cervical radiculopathy focus on characteristics and differential diagnosis. Asian Spine Journal , 14 (6), 921-930. https://doi.org/10.31616/ asj.2020.0647 Kazeminasab, S., Nejadghaderi, S. A., Amiri, P., Pourfathi, H., Araj-Khodaei, M., Sullman, M., Kolahi, A. A., & Safiri, S. (2022). Neck pain: Global epidemiology, trends and risk factors. BMC Musculoskeletal Disorders , 23 (1), 26. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12891-021-04957-4 Kimura, A., Kobayashi, K., Yamaguchi, H. , et al. (2016). New clinical decision rule to exclude subarachnoid haemorrhage for acute headache: A prospective multicentre observational study. BMJ Open, 6 , e010999. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010999 Know Your Risk for Heart Disease | cdc.gov . (2019, December 9). Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/heartdisease/risk_factors.htm
EliteLearning.com/Physical-Therapy
Book Code: PTOH1324
Page 62
Powered by FlippingBook