Pennsylvania Physician Ebook Continuing Education

71. Arain M, Haque M, Johal L, Mathur P, Nel W, Rais A, Sandhu R, Sharma S. Maturation of the adolescent brain. Neuropsychiatric Dis Treat 2013;9: 449–461. https://doi.org/10.2147/NDT.S39776 72. Sprouse-Blum AS, Smith G, Sugai D, Parsa FD. Understanding endorphins and their importance in pain management. Hawaii Med J. 2010 Mar;69(3):70-1. PMID: 20397507; PMCID: PMC3104618 73. Dhaliwal A, Gupta M. Physiology, Opioid receptor. [Updated 2021 Jul 26]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2022 Jan. https://www.ncbi. nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK546642/ 74. Gottlieb M, Carlson JN, Peksa GD. Prophylactic antiemetics for adults receiving intravenous opioids in the acute care setting. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2022;5, CD013860. Accessed April 8, 2022.Doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD013860.pub2 75. Lehnen N, Heuser F, Sağlam M, Schulz CM, Wagner KJ, Taki M, Kochs EF, Jahn K, Brandt T, Glasauer S, Schneider E. Opioid-induced nausea involves a vestibular problem preventable by head-rest. PLoS One. 2015 Aug 27;10(8):e0135263. doi: 10.1371/journal. pone.0135263. PMID: 26313751; PMCID: PMC4551845 76. Gardner EL. Addiction and brain reward and antireward pathways. Adv Psychosom Med. 2011;30:22-60. doi: 10.1159/000324065. Epub 2011 Apr 19. PMID: 21508625; PMCID: PMC4549070 77. Olds J, & Milner P. Positive reinforcement produced by electrical stimulation of septal area and other regions of rat brain. J Compar Physiolog Psych 1954;47(6), 419– 427. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0058775 78. Dowell D, Haegerich TM, & Chou, R. CDC Guideline for prescribing opioids for chronic pain: United States. MMWR Recommendations and Reports , 2016;65(RR-1), 1-49. http://dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.rr6501e1 79. American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP). AAFP chronic pain toolkit. 2021; https://www.aafp.org/dam/ AAFP/documents/patient_care/pain_management/cpm- toolkit.pdf 80. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Understanding the epidemic. 2021; https://www.cdc.gov/ drugoverdose/epidemic/index.html 81. Stanford College of Medicine. Opioid equianalgesic table. 2022; https://palliative.stanford.edu/opioid-conversion/ equivalency-table/ 82. Cohen SP, Vase L, Hooten WM. Chronic pain: An update on burden, best practices, and new advances. The Lancet, 397 (10289), P2082-2097.2021; doi: 10.1016/S0140- 6736(21)00393-7 83. Halpape K, Jorgenson D, Ahmed A, Kizlyk K, Landry E, Marwah R, Raiche T, & Wiebe A. Pharmacist-led strategy to address the opioid crisis: The Medication Assessment Centre Interprofessional Opioid Pain Service (MAC iOPS). Canadian Pharmacists Journal/Revue Des Pharmaciens Du Canada, 2022;155(1), 21-25. https:// doi.org/10.1177/17151635211045950 84. Pak DJ, Yong RJ, Kaye AD, Urman RD. Chronification of pain: Mechanisms, current understanding, and clinical implications . Current Pain and Headache Reports, 22 (2), 9.2018; doi: 10.1007/s11916-018-0666-8; PMID: 29404791 85. American Medical Association 2021 Overdose Epidemic Report Physicians’ actions to help end the nation’s drug- related overdose and death epidemic —and what still needs to be done. 2021; https://end-overdose-epidemic. org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/AMA-2021-Overdose- Epidemic-Report_92021.pdf 86. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). FDA urges caution about withholding opioid addiction medications from patients taking benzodiazepines or CNS depressants: Careful medication management can reduce risks. 2022; https://www.fda.gov/drugs/fda-drug-safety-podcasts/ fda-drug-safety-podcast-fda-urges-caution-about- withholding-opioid-addiction-medications-patients 87. Kene M, Bhopale S, Eaton A, Awsare SV, Reed ME. Opioid safety initiative associated with decreased emergency department opioid prescribing. Am J Manag Care . 2022;28(6):e203-e211. doi: 10.37765/ ajmc.2022.89158

88. Riva JJ, Noor ST, Wang L, et al. Predictors of prolonged opioid use after initial prescription for acute musculoskeletal injuries in adults : a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Ann Intern Med . 2020;173(9):721-729. doi: 10.7326/M19-3600 89. Pino CA, Wakeman SE. Prescription of opioids for acute pain in opioid naïve patients. UpToDate . Accessed April 24, 2023; https://www.uptodate.com/contents/prescription- of-opioids-for-acute-pain-in-opioid-naive-patients 90. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). FDA restricts prescription codeine pain and cough medicines and tramadol pain medicines in children; recommends against use in breastfeeding women. 2022; https://www.fda. gov/drugs/fda-drug-safety-podcasts/fda-drug-safety- podcast-fda-restricts-use-prescription-codeine-pain-and- cough-medicines-and-tramadol 91. U.S. Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA). Drug policy. 2018; https://www.dea.gov/drug-information/drug-policy 92. U.S. Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA). Electronic prescriptions for controlled substances (EPCS). 2020; https://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/ecomm/e_rx/index. html 93. U.S. Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA). Role of authorized agents in communicating controlled substance prescriptions to pharmacies. 2010; https://www. deadiversion.usdoj.gov/fed_regs/rules/2010/fr1006.htm 94. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Understanding the epidemic. 2021; https://www.cdc.gov/ drugoverdose/epidemic/index.html 95. U.S. Drug Enforcement Agency (DEA). Drug policy. 2018; https://www.dea.gov/drug-information/drug-policy 96. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Approved Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategies (REMS). 2021; https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/rems/index. cfm?event=RemsDetails.page&REMS=17 97. American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP). AAFP chronic pain toolkit. 2021; https://www.aafp.org/dam/ AAFP/documents/patient_care/pain_management/cpm- toolkit.pdf 98. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Pocket guide: Tapering opioids for chronic pain. 2022; https://www.cdc. gov/drugoverdose/prescribing/clinical-tools.html 99. Kroenke K, Alford DP, Argoff C, et al. Challenges with implementing the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention opioid guideline: A consensus panel report [published correction appears in Pain Med. 2022 Aug 31;23(9):1636]. Pain Med . 2019;20(4):724-735. doi: 10.1093/pm/pny307. 100. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Indian Health Services: Pain management. 2019; https:// www.ihs.gov/painmanagement/treatmentplanning/ informedconsent/ 101. Dowell D, Haegerich, TM, Chou R. DC Guideline for Prescribing Opioids for Chronic Pain: United States. MMWR Recommendations and Reports , 2016; 65 (RR-1), 1-49. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.rr6501e1 102. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). Pain Management Best Practices Inter-Agency Task Force Report: Updates, gaps, inconsistencies, and recommendations. 2019; https://www.hhs.gov/opioids/ prevention/pain-management-options/index.html 103. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2022; About CDC’s opioid prescribing guideline. https://www.cdc.gov/ opioids/providers/prescribing/guideline.html 104. U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Approved Risk Evaluation and Mitigation Strategies (REMS). 2021; https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/scripts/cder/rems/index. cfm?event=RemsDetails.page&REMS=17 105. SB63. Missouri Senate modifies provisions relating to the monitoring of certain controlled substances. 2021 https://www.senate.mo.gov/21info/BTS_Web/Bill. aspx?SessionType=R&BillID=5 4228843 Accessed April 20, 2023 106. Robinson A, Wilson MN, Hayden JA, et al. Health care provider utilization of prescription monitoring programs: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Pain Med. 2021;22(7):1570-1582. doi: 10.1093/pm/pnaa412 107. SureScripts. Electronic prescribing for controlled substances: 20 years of persistence and progress. 2022; https://surescripts.com/news-center/intelligence- in-action/opioids/electronic-prescribing-for-controlled- substances-20-years-of-persistence-and-progress, 2022.

54. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Fast Facts and Fact Sheets. 2022. https://www.cdc.gov/tobacco/ data_statistics/fact_sheets/fast_facts/index.htm 55. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US); National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion (US); Office on Smoking and Health (US). How Tobacco Smoke Causes Disease: The Biology and Behavioral Basis for Smoking-Attributable Disease: A Report of the Surgeon General. Atlanta (GA): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US); 2010. 4, Nicotine Addiction: Past and Present. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih. gov/books/NBK53018/ 56. Werner AK, Koumans EH, Chatham-Stephens K, et al. Hospitalizations and deaths associated with EVALI. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(17):1589-1598. doi: 10.1056/ NEJMoa1915314 57. Broderick, S. What does vaping do to your lungs? Health, Johns Hopkins University, 2023. https://www. hopkinsmedicine.org/health/wellness-and-prevention/ what-does-vaping-do-to-your-lungs 58. Krishnasamy VP, et al. Lung Injury Response Epidemiology/ Surveillance Task Force. Update: Characteristics of a Nationwide Outbreak of E-cigarette, or Vaping, Product Use-Associated Lung Injury—United States, August 2019-January 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020 Jan 24;69(3):90-94. doi: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6903e2. PMID: 31971931; PMCID: PMC7367698. 59. Sharma P, Murthy P, Bharath MM. Chemistry, metabolism, and toxicology of cannabis: clinical implications. Iran J Psychiatry. 2012 Fall;7(4):149-56. PMID: 23408483; PMCID: PMC3570572.) 60. LaBruyere, RM. Attorney General Garland reconfirms the DOJ’s hands-off approach toward federal marijuana prosecution. The National Law Review . Accessed April 16, 2023. https://www.natlawreview.com/article/attorney- general-garland-reconfirms-doj-s-hands-approach- toward-federal-marijuana 61. LaBruyere, R. Attorney General Garland Reconfirms the DOJ’s Hands-Off Approach Toward Federal Marijuana Prosecution found https://www.jdsupra.com/legalnews/ attorney-general-garland-reconfirms-the-9983989/ 62. HB6095. Scheduling of drug products containing cannabidiol. Florida Senate. 2021 https://www.flsenate. gov/Session/Bill/2021/6095/Analyses/h6095z1.PPH. PDF 63. Brown KG., Capili B. (2020). CE: opioid use disorder: pathophysiology, assessment, and effective interventions. Am. J. Nurs. , 120 (6), 38-46. https://doi.org/10.1097/01. NAJ.0000668736.80609.4e 64. Herman MA, Gillis RA, Vicini S, Dretchen KL, Sahibzada N. Tonic GABAA receptor conductance in medial subnucleus of the tractus solitarius neurons is inhibited by activation of μ-opioid receptors. J Neurophysiol . 2012;107(3):1022- 1031. doi: 10.1152/jn.00853.2011 65. Wilson N, Kariisa M, Seth P, Smith H IV, Davis NL. Drug and opioid-involved overdose deaths—United States, 2017– 2018. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2020;69:290-297. 66. NCHS, National Vital Statistics System. Estimates for 2020 are based on provisional data. Estimates for 2015-2019 are based on final data. https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nvss/ vsrr/drug-overdose-data.htm. 67. CDC. Wide-ranging online data for epidemiologic research (WONDER). Atlanta, GA: CDC, National Center for Health Statistics; 2021. http://wonder.cdc.gov 68. Lim, TY, Stringfellow, EJ, Stafford, CA, DiGennaro, C, Homer, J B, Wakeland W, Eggers , SL, Kazemi R, Glos L, Ewing, EG, Bannister CB, Humphreys K, Throckmorton DC, Jalali MS. Modeling the evolution of the US opioid crisis for national policy development. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America , 119 (23), 2022; e2115714119. https://doi.org/10.1073/ pnas.2115714119 69. NIDA. 2020, July 13. Drug misuse and addiction. https:// nida.nih.gov/publications/drugs-brains-behavior-science- addiction/drug-misuse-addiction on 2023, April 24 70. Nawi AM, Ismail R, Ibrahim F et al. Risk and protective factors of drug abuse among adolescents: a systematic review. BMC Public Health 2021;21: 2088. do: 10.1186/ s12889-021-11906-2

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