The American Medical Association’s (AMA) Code of Medical Ethics outlines the reporting responsibilities of physicians who suspect that a colleague might be impaired: Physicians’ responsibilities to colleagues who are impaired by a condition that interferes with their ability to engage safely in professional activities include timely intervention to ensure that these colleagues cease practicing and receive appropriate assistance from a physician health program (PHP)…. Ethically and legally, it may be necessary to report an impaired physician who continues to practice despite reasonable offers of assistance and referral to a hospital or state physician health program. The duty to report...may entail...reporting to the licensing authority. This decision to report can be difficult and physicians are encouraged to seek guidance from others, including experts in physician health and substance abuse, that can assist with the justification for action. 137 Conclusion Providers who prescribe controlled substances are responsible for ensuring these potentially dangerous medications are used as safely and as effectively as possible. Providers can use many tools to assist in prescribing controlled substances, including thorough history taking, professional documentation, patient–provider agreements, and informed consent. Keeping up to date with current guidelines and regulatory information will help providers stay informed on ever-changing controlled substance recommendations. Preventing substance use disorders from developing by appropriately prescribing controlled substances following state and federal regulations can help slow the trends of drug abuse nationwide. References
9.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services [HHS] Office of the Surgeon General. Facing Addiction in America: The Surgeon General’s Report on Alcohol, Drugs, and Health. 2016. https://store.samhsa.gov/sites/ default/files/d7/priv/surgeon-generals-report.pdf
32. Mason BJ, Heyser CJ. Alcohol use disorder: the role of medication in recovery. Alcohol Res. 2021 Jun 3;41(1):07. doi: 10.35946/arcr.v41.1.07. PMID: 34113531; PMCID: PMC8184096 33. Carroll KM, Kiluk BD. Cognitive behavioral interventions for alcohol and drug use disorders: Through the stage model and back again. Psychol Addict Behav. 2017 Dec;31(8):847-861. doi: 10.1037/adb0000311;PMID: 28857574; PMCID: PMC5714654 34. Erlach, S. Sedative, hypnotic, anxiolytic use disorders clinical presentation. Medscape Drugs & Dis. https:// emedicine.medscape.com/article/290585-clinical, 2022 35. Mihic S, Mayfield J.Hypnotics and sedatives. In Brunton LL, Knollmann BC, eds. Goodman & Gilman’s: The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 14th ed. McGraw Hill. https://accessmedicine.mhmedical.com/content. aspx?bookid=3191§ionid=269719266 36. Simone CG, Bobrin BD. Anxiolytics and sedative-hypnotics toxicity. [Updated 2023 Jan 13]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK562309/ 37. Edinoff AN, Nix CA, Hollier J; Sagrera CE; Delacroix BM; Abubakar T; Cornett EM; Kaye AM; Kaye AD. Benzodiazepines: Uses, dangers, and clinical considerations. Neurol. Int. 2021, 13 , 594-607. doi: 10.3390/neurolint13040059 38. Bounds C, Nelson, V. Benzodiazepines. StatPearls, 2022. 39. Ciraulo, D. Sedative, hypnotic, or anxiolytic related disorders. In Gabbard, G. (Ed). Treatment of psychiatric disorders (5 th Ed). 2013; American Psychiatric Association. 40. PsychDB. Benzodiazepines, 2021; https://www. psychdb.com/teaching/clinical-practice-guidelines- cpg#benzodiazepines. 41. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). Highlights for the 2021 national survey on drug use and health. https:// www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/2022- 12/2021NSDUHFFRHighlights092722.pdf 42. Mattson CL, Tanz LJ, Quinn K, Kariisa M, Patel P, Davis NL. Trends and geographic patterns in drug and synthetic opioid overdose deaths – United States, 2013- 2019. MMWR – Morbidity & Mortality Weekly Report . 2021;70(6):202-207. 43. Preda A. Stimulants. Medscape Drugs and Diseases , 2018. https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/289007- overview 44. Holstege C. Cocaine-related psychiatric disorders. Medscape, 2021. https://emedicine.medscape.com/ article/290195-overview 45. Morton WA. Cocaine and psychiatric symptoms. Prim Care Companion J Clin Psychiatry . 1999 Aug;1(4):109-113. doi: 10.4088/pcc.v01n0403. PMID: 15014683; PMCID: PMC181074 46. Richards JR, Laurin EG. Methamphetamine toxicity. 2023 Jan 8. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan. PMID: 28613645. 47. Kariisa M, Seth P, Scholl L, Wilson N, Davis N. Drug Overdose Deaths Involving Cocaine and Psychostimulants with Abuse Potential among Racial and Ethnic Groups – United States, 2004-2019. Drug and Alcohol Dependence. 2021; 227. https://doi.org/10.1016/j. drugalcdep.2021.109001. 48. Forrest, J. Hallucinogen Use. Medscape Drugs and Diseases , 2020;\. https://emedicine.medscape.com/ article/293752-overview 49. NIDA. Psychedelic and dissociative drugs. Accessed April 24, 2023.https://nida.nih.gov/research-topics/ psychedelic-dissociative-drugs on April 24,2023 50. Sepulveda R, et al. The Therapeutic effects of ketamine in mental health disorders: a narrative review. Cureus. ,2022, Mar 30;14(3):e23647. doi: 10.7759/cureus.23647. PMID: 35505747; PMCID: PMC9053551 51. National Institute of Health: NIDA. What are inhalants? DrugFacts https://nida.nih.gov/publications/research- reports/inhalants/what-are-inhalants Accessed April 5, 2023 52. Brannon, G. Inhalant related psychiatric disorders. Medscape Drugs & Diseases , 2019; https://emedicine. medscape.com/article/290344-overview 53. Lande, R. Nicotine addiction. Medscape Drugs and Diseases , 2018 https://emedicine. medscape.com/article/287555-overview#a2
10. Stahl, S. Stahl’s Essential Psychopharmacology: Neuroscientific basis and practical applications (4th Ed). Cambridge Press; 2020. 11. American Psychological Association Vol. 143, No. 2, 850- 886. 0096-3445/14/2014; doi: 10.1037/a0033981 12. Stahl, S. Stahl’s Essential Psychopharmacology: Neuroscientific basis and practical applications (4th Ed). Cambridge Press; 2020. 13. Adinoff B. Neurobiologic processes in drug reward and addiction. Harv Rev Psychiatry. 2004;12(6):305-320. doi:10.1080/10673220490910844 14. Gardner EL. Addiction and brain reward and antireward pathways. Adv Psychosom Med . 2011; 30:22-60. doi: 10.1159/000324065 15. Boland R, Verduin M. Substance use and addictive disorders. In: Kaplan & Saddock’s Synopsis of Psychiatry (12th Ed). Wolters Kluwer; 2022. 16. Sabin, J. Tackling implicit bias in health care. N Engl J Med 2022; 387:105-107. doi: 10.1056/NEJMp2201180 17. NIH NIDA. Accessed April 12, 2023. https://nida.nih. gov/research-topics/addiction-science/words-matter- preferred-language-talking-about-addiction.2011 18. CDC. Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance—United States, 2019. MMWR Suppl 2020;69(1):1-83. 19. Kuerbis A. Substance use among older adults: An update on prevalence, etiology, assessment, and intervention. Gerontology. 2020;66(3):249-258. doi: 10.1159/000504363 20. SAMHSA. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration: A Guide to SAMHSA’s Strategic Prevention Framework. Rockville, MD: Center for Substance Abuse Prevention. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration;2019 21. National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. The cycle of alcohol addiction. 2021. https://www.niaaa.nih. gov/sites/default/files/publications/31954_NIAAA_The_ Cycle_of_Alcohol_Addiction_v4_508.pdf 22. Roberts JR, Dollard D. Alcohol levels do not accurately predict physical or mental impairment in ethanol- tolerant subjects: Relevance to emergency medicine and dram shop laws . J Med Toxicol. 2010;6, 438–442. doi: 10.1007/s13181-010-0048-z 23. Sullivan JT, Sykora K, Schneiderman J, Naranjo CA, Sellers EM. Assessment of alcohol withdrawal: the revised clinical institute withdrawal assessment for alcohol scale (CIWA- Ar). Br J Addict. Nov; 84(11):1353-7. doi: 10.1111/ j.1360-0443.1989.tb00737.x. PMID: 2597811 24. Saitz R, O’Malley SS. Pharmacotherapies for alcohol abuse. Withdrawal and treatment. Med Clin North Am . 1997 Jul;81(4):881-907. doi: 10.1016/s0025- 7125(05)70554-x. PMID: 9222259 25. Schuckit MA. Recognition and management of withdrawal delirium (delirium tremens). N Engl J Med . 2014 Nov 27;371(22):2109-13. doi: 10.1056/NEJMra1407298. PMID: 25427113. 26. Hoffman RS. & Weinhouse G L. Management of moderate and severe alcohol withdrawal syndromes. Accessed April 15, 2023. https://www.uptodate.com/contents/ management-of-moderate-and-severe-alcohol- withdrawal-syndromes#H26 27. Health and cancer risks associated with low levels of alcohol consumption. Lancet Public Health 2023 Han; 8(1),: e6-e7. ISSN: 2468-2667, 28. Vasan S, Kumar A. Wernicke Encephalopathy. [Updated 2022 Aug 8]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2023 Jan.https://www.ncbi. nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470344/ 29. Witkiewitz K, Saville K, Hamreus K. Acamprosate for treatment of alcohol dependence: mechanisms, efficacy, and clinical utility. Ther Clin Risk Manag . 2012;8:45-53. doi: 10.2147/TCRM.S23184. PMID: 22346357; PMCID: PMC3277871 30. Stokes M, Abdijadid S. Disulfiram. StatPearls. 2022; Accessed April 5, 2023, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ books/NBK459340/#_NBK459340_pubdet_ 31. Singh D, Saadabadi, A. Naltrexone. StatPearls. 2022,
1.
Murphy SM. The cost of opioid use disorder and the value of aversion. Drug Alcohol Depend. 2020;217:108382. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108382 NIDA. Part 1: The Connection Between Substance Use Disorders and Mental Illness. National Institute on Drug Abuse website. September 27, 2022. Accessed April 10, 2023. https://nida.nih.gov/publications/ research-reports/common-comorbidities-substance-use- disorders/part-1-connection-between-substance-use- disorders-mental-illness. Boland R, Verduin M. Substance use and addictive disorders. In: Kaplan & Saddock’s Synopsis of Psychiatry (12th Ed). Wolters Kluwer; 2022. American Psychiatric Association (APA). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th ed, text revision . Washington, D.C.; 2013. Paxos C, Teter C. Substance related disorders. In Chisolm- burns M, Schwinghammer T, Malone P, Kolesar J, Lee K, Bookstaver, eds. Psychopharmacotherapy: Principles and practice (5th Ed), McGraw-Hill; 2019. DEA: Role of Authorized Agents in Communicating Controlled Substance Prescriptions to Pharmacies. 2010. 75 FR 61613, 61613-61617 DEA: Diversion Control Division. Controlled Substance Schedules. https://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/ schedules/; 21 CFR Chapter II. 2023. https://www.ecfr. gov/current/title-21/chapter-II copy Boland R, Verduin M. Substance use and addictive disorders. In: Kaplan & Saddock’s Synopsis of Psychiatry (12th Ed). Wolters Kluwer; 2022.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
146
Powered by FlippingBook