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What’s Inside
SATISFIES ELECTIVE REQUIREMENT Chapter 1: The Importance of Physiology in the Beauty Industry
1
The purpose of this course is to explain the importance of physiology to beauty industry professionals regarding the effects of relevant services and the physical stress that workers within the field can experience.
SATISFIES CHEMICAL MAKEUP REQUIREMENT Chapter 2: Our Body’s Chemistry: Hair, Skin, and Nails
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The cosmetology industry survives on human services focusing on the Integumentary System, and therefore in order to provide quality cosmetic services, it is essential that licensed cosmetologists have a working understanding of the functions, chemical makeup, and proper treatment of the organs within the Integumentary System: skin, hair, and nails.
SATISFIES WORKERS’ COMPENSATION REQUIREMENT Chapter 3: An Overview of the Workers’ Compensation System in Florida
12
This chapter identifies the primary responsibilities of the Florida Division of Workers’ compensation, and what the duties for each department are. It will also discuss the benefit rights of the injured worker and how to file a claim and resolve a dispute.
SATISFIES HIV/AIDS REQUIREMENT Chapter 4: HIV/AIDS and Cosmetology: Protecting Your Clients and Yourself
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Learning about HIV/AIDS and recognizing commonly believed myths and misconceptions about the disease is important to professional cosmetology and the salon industry, as business is built upon customer relationships and the provision of quality and fair services to all customers.
SATISFIES LAWS AND RULES REQUIREMENT Chapter 5: Florida Laws and Rules
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This chapter covers the two primary areas of law pertaining to the practice of cosmetology in the State of Florida and will also show excerpts of documents that will clarify regulations and explain legal responsibilities and obligations.
SATISFIES ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES REQUIREMENT Chapter 6: Environmental Safety: Hazardous Chemicals in the Salon Setting
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In the salon setting, one of the most important environmental factors is the presence of chemicals and hazardous materials. Multiple chemicals can be found within the salon setting, from the everyday products that are used on clients or the cleaning supplies used.
SATISFIES OSHA REQUIREMENT Chapter 7: OSHA Responsibilities for the Salon
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In this chapter the learner will be able to address safety and health issues in the workplace, be able to describe employer responsibilities, and know the purpose of OSHA laws and regulations. SATISFIES SANITATION AND STERILIZATION REQUIREMENT Chapter 8: A Matter of Life or Death: Sanitation and Sterilization in the Salon Industry Infection and germs are a concern in the salon industry and can even be a matter of life and death. Following proper sanitation and sterilization practices can help prevent the spread of these killer organisms. Final Examination Answer Sheet
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©2025: All Rights Reserved. Materials may not be reproduced without the expressed written permission or consent of Colibri Healthcare, LLC. The materials presented in this course are meant to provide the consumer with general information on the topics covered. The information provided was prepared by professionals with practical knowledge in the areas covered. It is not meant to provide medical, legal or professional services advice. Colibri Healthcare, LLC recommends that you consult a medical, legal or professional services expert licensed in your state. Colibri Healthcare, LLC has made all reasonable efforts to ensure that all content provided in this course is accurate and up to date at the time of printing, but does not represent or warrant that it will apply to your situation or circumstances and assumes no liability from reliance on these materials. i COSMETOLOGY CONTINUING EDUCATION Book Code: CFL1025
Frequently Asked Questions
What are the requirements for license renewal? Licenses Expire
CE Hours
Mandatory Subjects
10 (All hours are allowed through home-study).
Biennial renewals are due October 31.
All requirements can be found in this book.
How much will it cost?
Course Title
Price
10 Hour CE Update for Salon Professionals
$22.95
How do I complete this course and receive my certificate of completion? See the following page for step-by-step instructions to complete and receive your certificate. Are you a Florida board-approved provider? Colibri Healthcare, LLC is an approved provider with the Florida Board of Cosmetology (Provider #0008051). Courses are approved by the Florida Board of Cosmetology and completions are reported to the Florida Department of Business and Professional Regulation. Are my credit hours reported to the Florida board? Yes. We report your hours electronically to the Florida Department of Business and Professional Regulation (DBPR) within one business day after completion. What information do I need to provide for course completion and certificate issuance? Please provide your license number on the test sheet to receive course credit. Your state may require additional information such as date of birth and/or last 4 of Social Security number; please provide these, if applicable. Is my information secure? Yes! We use SSL encryption, and we never share your information with third-parties. We are also rated A+ by the National Better Business Bureau. What if I still have questions? What are your business hours? No problem, we have several options for you to choose from! Online at EliteLearning.com/Cosmetology you will see our robust FAQ section that answers many of your questions, simply click FAQs at the top of the page, email us at office@elitelearning.com, or call us toll-free at 1-855-769-9888, Monday - Friday 9:00 am - 6:00 pm, EST and Sat. 10:00 am - 4:00 pm EST. Important information for licensees: Always check your state’s board website to determine the number of hours required for renewal, mandatory subjects (as these are subject to change), and the amount that may be completed through home study. Also, make sure that you notify the board of any changes of address. It is important that your most current address is on file. Disclosures Resolution of conflict of interest Colibri Healthcare, LLC implemented mechanisms prior to the planning and implementation of the continuing education activity, to identify and resolve conflicts of interest for all individuals in a position to control content of the course activity. Sponsorship/commercial support and non-endorsement It is the policy of Colibri Healthcare, LLC not to accept commercial support. Furthermore, commercial interests are prohibited from distributing or providing access to this activity to learners.
Licensing board contact information: Florida Department of Business and Professional Regulation (DBPR) Division of Professions I Board of Cosmetology 2601 Blair Stone Road I Tallahassee, Florida 32399 I Phone: (850) 487-1395 | Fax: (850) 488-8040 Website: https://www2.myfloridalicense.com/cosmetology/
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Book Code: CFL1025
COSMETOLOGY CONTINUING EDUCATION
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iii
COSMETOLOGY CONTINUING EDUCATION
Book Code: CFL1025
Chapter 1: The Importance of Physiology in the Beauty Industry (Satisfies Elective Requirement) 1 CE Hour
Learning outcomes Upon completion of this chapter, the student will be able to: Explain physiology. Recognize the physiological effects of the human body. Identify services that provide physiological effects. Identify and explain the physiological effects of facials, skincare, and pedicuring.
List and describe the physiological effects of facial equipment. Explain the physiological factors that beauty industry professionals are subject to. Identify and explain ways to reduce physiological stress relative to beauty industry service providers.
INTRODUCTION
providers who perform facial massages and the possible consequences of their labor. For clients, facials services create physiological effects by stimulating tissues and, simultaneously, body systems. Also, prolonged standing and repetitive movements that beauty industry professionals endure can promote adverse physiological impacts on the body systems, such as the skeletal and circulatory systems. For these reasons, it is imperative for cosmetologists to be aware of the physiological aspects of services and to utilize preventive measures that can minimize associated occupational disorders that can occur while they work. The content of this course begins with an explanation of the meaning of physiology and its branches of study. To assist readers in gaining a complete understanding of how physiology relates to certain services, the physiology of facials and heat stimulation are reviewed. Clarification of the meaning of physiology is presented first within the section "The Physiological Effects of Services." Finally, two other sections help explain the advantages and disadvantages of the physiological effects experienced by service providers and physiological stress reduction tips for cosmetologists.
Scientific concepts about human anatomy and physiology are theoretical knowledge and practical tools that empower beauty industry professionals and learners. Understanding the structure and function of the human body is not only significantly relevant in the performance of certain services but also enhances the quality of the services provided. This knowledge equips professionals to promote positive physiological effects during the performance of services and to recognize and manage possibly acquired physiological stress. Beauty professionals, such as cosmetologists, need to be aware of physiological effects when performing services involving muscle and nerve stimulation, activities that increase circulation, using products that are absorbable to the body, and the possible impact they can potentially experience while providing the services (Milady, 2023). The purpose of this course is to explain the importance of physiology to beauty industry professionals regarding the effects of relevant services and the physical stress that workers within the field can experience. This course focuses on the physiology of the human body, which is significant within the practice of cosmetologists and other service
PHYSIOLOGY
Physiology is divided into four categories: plants, animals, cells, and humans. Human physiology is the division most relevant to the beauty industry because it specializes in how the human body operates to reduce sickness and treat illnesses. Major body systems in human physiology include the respiratory, circulatory, nervous, and immune systems (Schmidt, 2023). The functions of the four systems are detrimental to cosmetologists when learning the physiological effects of services such as facials when performing facial massages and heat stimulation. The structure of cells, tissues, and organs is closely related to the systems they accompany (Khan Academy, 2024). For example, the cells and tissues of the liver work together to filter the body's blood by breaking down poisonous substances and producing bile to carry away waste and digest fats, while the cells and tissues of the heart pump blood through the body (Columbia Surgery, 2024). The survival of the body is dependent upon the physiological activities of the systems, which coordinate together to maintain the body's function and healthfulness, adapt to its environment, and experience its surroundings (Khan Academy, 2024).
The essential inquiry of this course is why physiology is vital to the beauty industry. The question is answered when physiology is defined and explained regarding how it relates to body functions and how the knowledge supports body health. Physiology is defined as a significant branch of biology that studies living organisms and their processes, including molecular biology, genetics, microbiology, and medicine (Green et al., 2024). Biology focuses on all parts of life, emphasizing its origin, reproduction, adaptation, growth, what they are made of, and their behaviors. Tissues, organs, and body systems Physiology studies how a body's physical activities work at cellular and functional levels (Schmidt, 2023). Physiology describes the physics and chemistry of essential body functions, including how cells, organs, and body systems work together to keep the body healthy . The human body is defined as a complex organism of cells, tissues, organs, and systems working together to maintain life by carrying out many processes (Khan Academy, 2024). Within the processes of the body's organizational levels, cells bind together to make tissues, tissues build organs, and organs make body systems (Milady, 2023; Khan Academy, 2024). Each system has its function and activity; for instance, the circulatory system circulates blood.
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THE PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF SERVICES
Services within the field of cosmetology that aim to produce beneficial physiological effects on the body include skincare through facials, nailcare, and pedicuring. These services are limited to the upper body and extremities, such as the face, scalp, neck, shoulders, back, upper chest, arms and hands, and lower legs and feet. Although each service has its own benefits and physiological effects, the main objectives are to treat the skin, stimulate tissues and organ function, and relax the client (Milady, 2023). For safe and effective facial treatments, nail care, and pedicuring, cosmetologists must understand the subdermal systems: muscles, nerves, arteries, and veins. The voluntary muscles of the face, head, and neck are the muscles of concern in facial services. The location of the muscles within these areas and what they control are significant to the application of quality facial massage manipulations (Figures 1-4). Figure 1: Muscles of the Face, Scalp, and Neck
Figure 2: Muscles of the Arm and Hand
Note . Downloaded courtesy of Shutterstock
Figure 3: Muscles of the Lower Leg
Note . Downloaded courtesy of Shutterstock
Note . Downloaded courtesy of Shutterstock
Figure 4: Muscles of the Feet
Note . Downloaded courtesy of Shutterstock
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Cranial nerves (Figure 5) are of significant interest and consideration during facial massages because nerve stimulation supports muscle relaxation and contraction, causing muscles to tighten and expand. Knowledge of the fifth, seventh, and eleventh nerves is essential to quality services in facial treatments. The trifacial trigeminal, also known as the fifth cranial nerve, controls chewing and is the chief sensory nerve of that face (Milady, 2023). The nerve-controlling sections of the tongue and palate and motions of the neck, face, and scalp are the sensory- motor nerve, known as the facial nerve, and the seventh cranial nerve. The eleventh cranial nerve, also called the accessory nerve, is the motor nerve controlling the motions of the neck. While performing facial massages, it is essential to consider the spinal nerves. The spinal nerves and their branches within the spinal cord send neurons to the back muscles of the head, scalp, and neck (Milady, 2023). Figure 5: Cranial Nerves
Figure 7: Nerves of the Legs
Note . Downloaded courtesy of Shutterstock
Figure 8: Nerves of the Foot
Note . Downloaded courtesy of Shutterstock Understanding the nerves of the arms, legs, and feet (Figures 6-8) is essential when performing hand treatments during manicuring services and foot treatments during pedicuring services. Understanding the arms, legs, and feet stimulates the muscles and provides a more valuable and beneficial service (Milady, 2023). Figure 6: Nerves of the Hand and Arms
Note . Downloaded courtesy of Shutterstock
Note . Downloaded courtesy of Shutterstock
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Knowledge of veins and arteries is also fundamental to facial massage because stimulating veins and arteries promotes increased circulation (Figure 9). Veins and arteries work to transport oxygen through the body. Veins carry deoxygenated blood throughout the body and into the heart, while arteries carry oxygenated blood away from the heart to all parts of the body (Milady, 2024). Facial arteries supply blood to the face in certain areas closer to the surface, such as the cheeks, chin, nose, lips, roof of the mouth, and muscles of the face. Arteries mainly affected by facial massage include the posterior auricular, occipital, superficial temporal, external maxillary artery, and common carotids (Cleveland Clinic, 2024; Milady, 2023).
Figure 9: Veins and Arteries Affected by Facial Treatments
Note . Downloaded courtesy of Shutterstock
FACIALS
muscular, respiratory, and cerebral tissues (Culliney, 2023). Facial services include facial massages and treatments using various facial equipment. The following subsections explain the physiological effects of these services and the different modalities used.
Facials are a skincare regimen effective in improving the healthfulness of the skin and its appearance, building self- confidence, and providing relaxation. Relaxation is a vital part of the first step toward the positive physiological effects of facial services (Milady, 2023). One hour of a facial is more stimulating in physiological relaxation than one hour of resting, showing physiological benefits within the cardiac, Physiological effects of facial massage The face contains several organs and tissues that experience physiological changes during facials, such as salivary glands, lymphatic glands, muscles, nerves, and skin (Ohkawa et al., 2023). When beauty professionals perform facial massages, they utilize mechanical and manual manipulation techniques to increase blood circulation and cell metabolism, relieve pain, promote product absorption, firm facial muscles, and promote healthier skin (Milady, 2023). To obtain maximum results from facial massages, professionals must comprehensively understand the point of the skin where pressure can be applied to establish contraction of the muscles (Milady, 2023). These areas are known as the motor points. Proper manipulation of the motor points will relax the client and establish the following physiological benefits : ● Nerves soothed. Physiological effects of facial treatments Facial treatments are either preservative or corrective services that help improve the appearance, tone, and texture of the skin. Preservative facial treatments help maintain the skin's health by relaxing nerves, increasing blood circulation and metabolism, activating skin glands, and correctly cleansing the skin. Corrective facial treatments assist in minimizing certain skin conditions, such as oiliness or dryness, minor acne, comedones, and aging lines (Milady, 2023). ● Blood circulation increased. ● Skin structures nourished. ● Skin gland activity increased. ● Skin softened and more pliable.
● Pain relieved (Milady, 2023). Due to the seriousness of facial massages; physiological effects, precautions must be taken and specific cautions must be considered. All treatments involving stimulation of tissues, organs, and body systems should only be performed after considering and identifying any possible contraindications. According to Merriam-Webster, contraindications make a service, procedure, or treatment inadvisable. Contraindications preventing facial massage include: ● Skin sensitivity to products and topical peeling agents. ● Skin disorders. ● Contagious diseases. ● Skin irritation, sunburn, or severe redness. ● Open sores, lesions, or abrasions. ● Uncontrolled diabetes. ● Uncontrolled or severe hypertension.
Preservative and corrective facial treatments are performed using facial products and various facial equipment (Milady, 2023). The quality of a good skincare routine is determined by the products used. A good skincare routine helps maintain the skin's condition and youthfulness, provides preventive care, and gives a boost of confidence. Suitable skin care methods include a cleanser, toner, moisturizer, sunscreen, exfoliator, and serum.
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To treat various skin issues, the final step and product used within a facial is the application of a serum. Skincare is more beneficial when using high-quality products. Quality products consist of quality ingredients and offer protection from potential environmental damage, help against aging, better results for the money, and exceeding standards. Conversely, poor-quality products can cause negative results, such as infection, ineffective results, worsening facial skin problems, and allergic reactions. The benefit of skin products is increased with the usage of facial equipment. inflammatory and cooling effects when rolled across the face. They assist with collagen production, the reduction of puffiness, and skin tone improvement. Gua Sha scrapers are useful for rubbing the skin to enhance facial contours, increase blood circulation, and reduce tension. Microcurrent devices help stimulate elastin and collagen, tighten and lift facial muscles, and increase the appearance of a more rejuvenated skin tone. Major equipment used in facial treatments are electrotherapy and light therapy. Electrotherapy and light therapy are used during facials to perform skin treatments. Unlike microcurrent devices, electrotherapy and light therapy utilize stronger electrical currents to improve the skin. Electrotherapy utilizes galvanic and high-frequency currents, while light therapy uses infrared lamps (Milady, 2023). Electrotherapy and light therapy are used for different purposes, yet they both utilize electrical currents (Light Tree, 2024). High-frequency machines use high oscillation to treat the scalp and face, with benefits that include the following: ● Relaxing effects. ● Germicidal and antiseptic actions. ● Cell metabolism stimulation. ● Elimination and absorption of products from and to the skin. ● Promotion of oxygenation to the skin. ● Stimulation of blood and lymph flow (Milady, 2023). Galvanic current helps accomplish desincrustation and iontophoresis. Desincrustation facilitates deep pore cleansing, and iontophoresis enables the absorption of ion solutions into the skin. The process of iontophoresis is accomplished through cataphoresis and anaphoresis. Cataphoresis introduces astringent solutions to the skin, while anaphoresis facilitates the absorption of desincrustation lotions into the skin (Milady, 2023). Microcurrent is a low-level electrical device that is a type of galvanic treatment in skin care. Microcurrents are best for lifting and toning aging skin. Microdermabrasion is a mechanical exfoliation of dead skin cells involving spraying microcrystals along the skin surface. Through microdermabrasion, skin cells are vacuumed from the suction of the equipment, producing fast and visible results that treat aging and wrinkling skin (Milady, 2023).
Cleansers help to treat dry or oily skin. Toners are used after cleansers to restore minerals while calming and smoothing the skin. Moisturizers are to be applied each time the face is washed to restore moisture, even on oily skin types. The moisturizer used during a facial is chosen according to the skin type to moisten the skin correctly. Sunscreen is used after the moisturizer to provide protection from the broad spectrum of rays from the sun, using an SPF of a minimum of 30. Exfoliation is an optional treatment. Exfoliation should only be practiced once or twice a week with an exfoliation product used after the cleanser and before the moisturizer. Physiological effects of facial equipment All types of facial equipment have one common goal: to help the skin look younger. They help tighten the skin, stimulate blood flow, and promote lymphatic system drainage in the facial area (Florida Academy, 2024). Various appliances and electrotherapy equipment, such as electrical currents and light rays, enhance facial services. Appliances include brush machines, hot towel cabinets, and facial steamers. Brush machines assist in exfoliation, removing dead skin cells, and also help to cleanse and stimulate the skin. Hot towel cabinets heat towels that are used to promote the relaxation of muscles and stimulation of the veins and arteries. Facial steamers produce and project steam in specified body areas for softening, cleansing, blood circulation, and stimulation (Milady, 2023). The Florida Academy introduced different facial equipment, which included facial rollers and Gua Sha scrapers (Florida Academy, 2024). Facial rollers are kept refrigerated; their cool temperature and comforting pressure create anti- Electrotherapy Electrotherapy is a method of using electrically induced heat for deep tissue treatment and muscle relaxation. Skincare involving high-frequency and galvanic currents is a type of electrotherapy (Milady, 2023). Galvanic currents help accomplish two tasks: desincrustation and iontophoresis. Desincrustation treats oily skin, which consists of comedones and acne. The service creates chemicals and physiological effects by loosening and removing sebum within hair follicles and reducing the production of comedones and minor acne (Milady, 2023). Iontophoresis is accomplished when an electrical current penetrates products containing ions into the skin. Positive ions absorbed in the skin generate deep cleansing by attracting negatively charged impurities trapped in pores underneath the top layer of the skin. Ionophoresis creates the physiological stimulation of collagen production and natural hydration, which defends against toxins and skin damage (Milady, 2023). Electrotherapy services include high-frequency machines, galvanic current applications, microcurrents, and microdermabrasion. High-frequency machines are also known as tesla-current and violet-ray machines. Light therapy Light therapy is a form of electrotherapy because it utilizes electrical currents to treat skin conditions. Light therapy consists of infrared and ultraviolet rays and LEDs. Light therapy treatments produce therapeutic effects. Infrared lamps create soothing heat. The benefits of light therapy are as follows: ● Soothed nerves. ● Increased circulation.
● Dilated blood vessels. ● Increased production of oil and perspiration. ● Increased metabolism. ● Relaxing heat to the skin (Milady, 2023).
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The contraindications in electrotherapy treatments are serious considerations. Performing electrotherapy services while clients have particular conditions can cause damaging side effects and harmful results to the individuals. Electrotherapy should not be performed when a client has the following conditions: ● Mental implants. ● Sinus conditions or blockage. ● Pacemakers. ● High blood pressure. ● Asthma. ● Pregnancy. ● Broken or open skin. ● Suffer from epilepsy or seizures. ● Nerve disorders. Heart conditions (Milady, 2023).
Ultraviolet rays are the shorter wavelengths of the visible light spectrum. The use of various ultraviolet and LED bulbs produces different results. Bulbs used to produce different ultraviolet rays are UVC, UVB, and UVA bulbs. UVC rays are used for germicidal benefits, UVB rays produce therapeutic effects, and UVA rays facilitate the following results: ● Tanning, which increases melanin production. ● Vitamin production. ● Improvement of the flow of lymph and blood to the skin. ● Eliminating waste products (Milady, 2023). There are cautions to consider when using light therapy. The usage of infrared and ultraviolet rays are short-term exposure services. Infrared rays should not remain on the body for more than seconds at a time, with total exposure not exceeding 5 minutes. Ultraviolet ray exposure time begins at 2 to 3 minutes and gradually increasing the treatment to 7 or 8 minutes of total exposure time. Too long exposure will damage skin tissues with either service (Milady, 2023).
PEDICURING
Pedicuring consists of five steps: soaking the feet, skin care, nail care, nail polishing, and foot treatments. Some steps are unnecessary depending on the client's desires or needs within the pedicuring service. Some clients may only desire nail care, which involves soaking the feet. Soaking the feet creates the physiological effects of relieving stress and tension. Treatment techniques on the lower legs and feet improves circulation, which assists in increasing muscle movement, and relaxing muscles (Figure 10). Besides aiding achy muscles by helping them relax, foot treatment services provide many health benefits. The benefits include: ● Maintain the healthfulness of the foot. ● Improve sex drive. ● Improve immune functioning. ● Create a boost of energy.
Figure 10: Veins and Arteries Affected by Pedicuring
● Increase recovery of foot injuries. ● Reduce anxiety and depression. ● Lower blood pressure. ● Improve blood circulation. ● Promote better sleep. ● Reduce edema during pregnancy (Jacob & Uttekar, 2024).
Note . Downloaded courtesy of Shutterstock
PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS EXPERIENCED BY SERVICE PROVIDERS
Behavioral and physiological changes established by the exposure constitute the stress response. The responses happen immediately through the interplay of several systems, such as the nervous, immune, and endocrine systems. The type of stress is categorized according to its source, duration, and response, including acute, chronic, episodic, traumatic, environmental, psychological, and physiological stress. Physiological stress is associated with responses that compromise the well-being and health of a body, which establish pathways to symptoms, such as nutritional deficiencies, sleep deprivation, illness, and injury (Chu et al., 2024).
Facial, hand and foot treatments provide relaxing benefits that keep clients returning for more. The services are performed manually and mechanically, with many techniques to stimulate metabolism and increase circulation. For clients, the services facilitate physiological effects. However, the physiological effects experienced by the service provider are not often considered (Milady, 2023). Cosmetologists experience physiological reactions when performing skin treatments and services requiring heat stimulation due to manual and mechanical applications (Milady, 2023). Service providers can experience stress from the labor performed by the continuous flow of clients wanting the services . When any stimuli (psychological or physical) disrupt the self-regulating processes of biological systems that maintain stability, a stress response occurs (Chu et al., 2024).
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● Preparing for microscopic invaders, the immune system goes into inflammatory mode, causing the production of more proteins (Theimer, 2023). Signs showing the danger of stress overload include the following: ● Discomfort and inability to relax. ● Feelings of constant stress. ● Begin to hide from people and life situations. ● Problems regulating emotions. ● Experience symptoms of illness, such as chest pains and headaches (Theimer, 2023).
Stress is described somewhat differently, suggesting it is a psychological response to any demand. Stress can be eustress or distress. Eustress means good stress, and distress means destructive or damaging stress. The body's perception of the demand determines how the stress is handled, either in eustress or distress. Physiological changes occurring in the perception of threat include the following: ● Negative thinking in anticipation of something terrible happening. ● Stress hormones produced by the sympathetic nervous system. ● Increase in heart rate, breathing, and blood pressure, creating the need for more oxygen to cells, causing muscles to tense.
PHYSIOLOGICAL STRESS REDUCTION TIPS FOR COSMETOLOGISTS
● Not overloading work schedules. ● Booking time for self. ● Continuous skill development and learning. ● Practicing time management. ● Asking for help when needed or delegating work to others. ● Establishing clear personal and work boundaries (Aoife Maria Education, 2023).
Burnout is the primary reason for the distress of beauty industry professionals, which they suggest is caused by long work hours, living up to high expectations, and the demands of performing services. Tips for reducing physiological stress include self-care practices and ways to prevent burnout. Self-care practices included getting plenty of rest, eating well and remaining hydrated, relaxing as much as possible, seeking social support, and exercising. Prevention of burnout included:
Chapter 2: Our Body’s Chemistry: Hair, Skin, and Nails (Satisfies Chemical Makeup Requirement) 1 CE Hour
Learning outcomes Upon completion of this chapter, the student will be able to: List several of the major functions of the integumentary system. Recognize the six elements that account for over 99% of the human body. Define pH and discuss levels of acidity and alkalinity.
Explain why high pH products may have a drying effect on hair, skin, and nails. Recall tips for keeping clients and staff safe from chemical exposure in the salon setting. Relate knowledge of chemical makeup and pH to product selection.
INTRODUCTION
The integumentary system serves to protect the human body from outside elements. It functions to keep our internal organs free from damage but also serves many other purposes, such as waterproofing and insulating the deeper tissues, regulating temperature, and removing waste. It serves in the detection of pressure, pain, and sensation and provides for vitamin D synthesis.
Cosmetology is the professional practice of beautifying the skin, hair, and nails: all components of the body’s largest organ system, the integumentary system. The cosmetology industry focuses on caring for and beautifying elements of the human integumentary system, in other words, hair, nails, and the skin and the glands and nerves within it. Therefore, in order to provide quality cosmetic services, it is essential that licensed cosmetologists have a working understanding of the functions, chemical makeup, and proper treatment of the organs within the integumentary system.
The following table shows some of the major functions of the integumentary system:
Waste removal (excretion) through sweat
Interfaces with the environment as the first line of defense from external factors Sensory functions from nerve endings indicate touch, pressure, vibration, and tissue injury, etc.
Protects against pathogens and excessive water loss and controls evaporation Thermoregulation and temperature detection
Langerhans cells in the skin are part of the adaptive immune system
Stores lipids and water
Insulates and cushions
Produces Vitamin D folates
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For all of these reasons and more, the integumentary system is essential to the effective functioning of the entire human body. As a licensed cosmetologist, your job entails not only beautifying the skin, hair, and nails but also recommending appropriate practices to maintain them in the best possible
condition. Mastering an understanding of the chemical makeup of the skin, hair, and nails is an important part of being able to provide these services. This course will provide you with the need-to-know information regarding chemical makeup relevant to the salon industry.
CHEMICAL MAKEUP
the cells. Organelles are made up of various materials including proteins. These proteins are made up of various amino acids. The chemical formula of an amino acid is easily definable, experimentally quantifiable, and tells with exactitude what the amino acid is and what it does. It is only at this miniscule level that we are able to cleanly identify the various different chemical components working within the human body. As is beginning to become clear, the body is, chemically speaking, incredibly complex. The best way to begin to make sense of this complexity is to understand the body’s chemistry as an interlay of acids and bases, in other words, pH balance.
Of the over one hundred elements discovered, just six of them compose 99% of the human body: oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus. The most abundant chemical in every human body is water (H 2 0), which composes between 65% and 90% of every living cell, including the cells that make up the integumentary system. To truly understand the chemical makeup of the skin, hair, and nails, it helps to understand the composition of each organ. Organs are made of tissues, which are groups of similar cells that work together to perform a certain function. Each of these cells is composed of organelles, or very tiny structures that perform certain tasks within
THE pH BALANCE
What is pH? pH is an abbreviation for “power of hydrogen,” where “p” is short for “potenz” or the German word for power, and H is the element symbol for hydrogen. The pH scale measures how acidic or basic a chemical compound is, with 0 being highly acidic and 14 highly basic . To get technical about it, pH can be defined as the negative log of hydrogen ion concentration in a water-based solution based on a logarithmic scale, running from 0 to 14. Any substance with a pH value below 7 is 10 times more acidic than the higher value, and each whole pH value above 7 is 10 times less acidic than the one below it. A pH of 7 is neutral (pH of pure water). Acidic and basic are two extremes that describe chemicals, just like hot and cold are two extremes that describe temperature. Mixing acids and bases can cancel out their extreme effects, much like mixing hot and cold water can even out the water temperature. A substance that is neither acidic nor basic is neutral. When chemicals are mixed with water, the mixture can become either acidic or basic. Vinegar and lemon juice are acidic substances, while laundry detergents and ammonia are examples of basic ones. Chemicals at either end of the pH scale, ones that are very basic or very acidic, are called “reactive.” These chemicals can cause severe burns. For example, automobile battery acid is an acidic chemical that is reactive and a stronger form of the same acid that is in acid rain. Household drain cleaners are also reactive due to the presence of lye, an extremely alkaline chemical. These reactive chemicals are harmful to the human body and can cause damage to the skin, hair, and nails. Chemicals that are neutral, such as pure water, have little if any negative impact.
Acidic 0
10,000,000 1,000,000
1 2 3 4 5 6
100,000 10,000
1,000
100
10
Neutral 7 (pure water)
1
8 9
10
100
10 11 12 13
1,000
10,000 100,000
1,000,000
Alkaline 14
10,000,000
It is not always a simple matter to assess the true pH level for components of the integumentary system due to a protective film of oily acidic secretion that coats and lubricates the surface of the skin and scalp. This combination of oils and water-soluble materials is referred to as our acid mantle. The acid mantle is produced by the skin and protects the hair, skin, and nails from outside elements and chemicals.
• The average piece of hair,
skin, or nail has a pH level of 5, ranging between 4.5 and 6.
• Products with a pH of 4.5 to 5.5 are compatible with the natural
biology of the skin, hair, and nails and are safe to use.
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Book Code: CFL1025
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On the other hand, apple cider vinegar has a much more acidic pH, between 2.8 and 3.0, making it more useful in maintaining a healthy pH in the body by restoring alkaline acid balance. Therefore, it is often used as a conditioner for extremely dry, alkaline hair. The most effective cosmetic products (i.e., shampoos, conditioners, hair colors, tints, etc.) will have the right level of pH (4.5 to 5.5). Chemists have found that most ingredients work best at a specific pH balance. There are some chemical services used in cosmetology that require a high pH to work properly. If you encounter a product that does not have the pH number listed on the label, you can use pH test paper or nitrazine paper to determine the correct pH. Just dip the paper into the solution you are testing. A product with 4.5 pH or below will not change the paper from its original yellow shade. A higher pH will change the color to dark blue (4.6 to 7.4), and any product with a pH over 7.5 will turn the paper purple.
The pH level of the acid mantle in various parts of the body tells a great deal about the health of our integumentary system and gives insight into the cosmetic procedures that would be helpful for a particular individual. For example, the average pH on the surface of the scalp is 4.8; yet as we measure the pH on the hair at greater distances from the scalp, the pH value increases. This shows that less of the acid mantle reaches the ends of longer hair, meaning the ends of the hair are less protected than hair closer to the roots. The scalp’s oils keep the hair lubricated and shiny, while its acidity keeps the fiber compact and strong. This is why it is necessary to apply increased products to the ends of the hair to maintain shine and strength. For weak or damaged hair, it may be appropriate to use products with higher acidity and increased moisture. Finding products with a pH that is compatible with a person’s natural biology is essential to proper cosmetic care. Due to the body’s natural chemistry, products with a pH of 4.5 to 5.5 are compatible with the natural biology of the skin and scalp, whereas higher pH levels are incompatible and can have a drying effect. These products maintain a mildly acidic environment that closely resembles the environment of our acid mantle. We call these products “acid balanced.” This is important to note because when high pH (basic) products come in contact with the hair, the solution is absorbed through the outer, cuticle layer into the cortex layer of the hair. This imbalance of pH causes the hair to swell, which forces the cuticle layers to be stretched. This stresses the hair and often leads to breakage. For example, washing hair with baking soda may clean it thoroughly, but the high pH level (8.1) indicates it is very alkaline and will have a drying effect on the hair. The significance of pH The acid mantle contains lactic acid and various amino acids from sweat, free fatty acids from sebum (an oily substance that makes the skin and hair waterproof and protects them from drying out), and amino acids (the building blocks of protein). If the acid mantle becomes disrupted or damaged or loses its acidity, the skin becomes more prone to damage and infection. The surface pH of damaged skin is often higher (meaning more basic), creating susceptibility to bacterial skin infections, fungal infections, or further skin damage and disease. Washing skin with soaps or detergents can cause the loss of acid mantle. A single washing can shift pH to the alkaline region. Healthy skin will typically revert back to normal within a few hours. However, repetitive and excessive washing can alter the natural pH level in of the skin, nails, and hair to the point where they are not able to recover for up to 14 hours. With an altered pH level, the skin, hair, and nails can become damaged; and by the time it takes to restore natural pH levels, it is generally time to wash again. This creates a cycle of damage that is hard to break without the proper treatments, and this is why using conditioners and treatments with higher acidity levels can help to protect and maintain the skin, hair, and nails. It is possible (and recommended) to buy pH balanced cosmetic products such as lotions and shampoos.
Skin Conditions that Increase pH • Eczema • Contact dermatitis • Atopic dermatitis • Dry skin • Etc. Diseases that Can Increase Skin pH • Diabetes • Chronic renal failure • Cerebrovascular disease • Etc.
These products have pH levels that are closest to the body’s natural pH and effectively keep the skin, hair, and nails from either drying out or becoming too oily. There are various skin conditions that can cause an increase in skin pH, including eczema, contact dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, and dry skin. Treatment for these conditions most often includes very acidic topical creams because individuals with skin problems typically have skin pH values above 6. More alkaline environments also tend to support acne. Unfortunately for acne sufferers, most commercially available soaps are very alkaline, with pH values ranging from 9 to 11. This only compounds the problem, altering the skin’s pH to a more alkaline value, and creating an environment even more conducive to acne. Acute eczema
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Book Code: CFL1025
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Diseases that can cause an increase in skin surface pH include diabetes, chronic renal failure, and cerebrovascular disease. Studies show individuals with diabetes have a decreased level of skin lactic acid. An increase in skin surface pH encourages bacterial growth, making individuals with diabetes more prone to certain skin infections. Furthermore, the use of skin occlusive products, such as dressings and diapers, is known to raise skin pH and may be associated with skin infections. differences in the pH of skin cleaning preparations can cause irritation to the skin’s surface. The Unites States generally carries very low-pH soaps and cleansers and formulas that have a neutral pH (called “syndet”—chemically, they are not soaps, but rather synthetic detergent in a bar form). Other countries have a pH of 9.5 to 10.5, which is inherent to a sodium soap composed of fatty acids. Knowing about pH can also assist in understanding proper exfoliation techniques. One of the risks of exfoliant use is related to the pH of the product. pH values lower than 3.5 tend to strip the barrier function of the skin, removing protective lipids between the cells and leaving the skin dehydrated, red, and inflamed. In general, do not use products with a pH of less than 3.5. Learn to analyze the skin properly, and make sure the product is in the right base vehicle for the client’s skin. Do not use more than one exfoliant product at a time on a client, and make sure the plan of treatment proceeds at a steady, slow pace.
with erosion can also cause skin surface pH to shift from normal to 7.3 or 7.4, which constitutes a thousandfold increase in the pH shift—remember, pH is measured on a logarithmic scale. For people with atopic dermatitis, the pH of their entire skin’s surface is increased. Furthermore, an increased skin pH contributes to Staphylococcus aureus colonization, which can play a role in the formation of atopic dermatitis, discoid eczema, and infective dermatitis. Maintaining healthy pH levels Knowing which products to use - from cleansers to conditioners and other treatments- can help maintain healthy pH levels for your clients’ skin, hair, and nails. Cosmetologists must receive appropriate training in the safe and effective use of each system for care of the skin, hair, and nails. In addition, all products should be used in accordance with the manufacturers’ recommendations. Knowing your products will help you make the best decisions for the care of your clients. For example, there are three main types of cleaning agents: soaps, synthetic detergents, and lipid-free cleansing agents. Soaps typically make the skin more alkaline than synthetic detergents. Acidic cleaners are less irritating than neutral or alkaline ones, and people prone to dry skin are typically advised to use acidic cleansers. Agents with slightly acidic or neutral pH (nonionic) may be preferable for individuals who are at increased risk for irritating skin reactions. You may recommend to individuals with skin conditions that they choose a mild cleaning agent with a low pH. Even minor
CHEMICALS AND THE BODY
How our body chemistry interacts with outside chemicals
These changes can create health risks that a cosmetologist should be aware of, including allergic reactions, keloids (a type of scar that forms during healing), and infections (such as hepatitis). Allergic reactions to permanent makeup can also cause skin problems, such as rashes. These reactions are often immediate but can occur even years later. This irritation can be compounded when chemical products are introduced to that area, so cosmetologists must use caution when working with affected skin. Henna and hair dyes can also be used to stain the skin temporarily. Henna and hair dye have not been approved by the FDA for injection or topical use on the skin, and some people have reported serious skin problems resulting from the use of both henna and black henna. Some people will develop serious allergies to hair dyes and other chemical products, even if they have dyed their hair with no allergic reaction in the past. Any time a cosmetologist works with the skin, it is important to survey the skin for any breaks or signs of allergic reactions or rashes. This can affect that client’s ability to receive a skin treatment or other cosmetic services. Always be on the lookout for any sign of distress before beginning a treatment, and stay on the lookout for any adverse reactions after using chemicals on your clients.
The toxicity of a substance depends on many factors, including: ● Type and form of chemical. ● Dosage and length of time over which dosage occurred. ● Exposure route (type of exposure).
● Amount of absorption. ● Individual differences. ● Presence of other chemicals.
Our environment and habits can also affect our chemical makeup. For example, although our skin naturally changes as we age, increasing time and exposure to sunlight can cause rapid aging and other damage to the hair, skin, and nails. In addition, introducing chemicals through the form of smoking can take a toll on the body and increase wrinkling of the skin after prolonged use. In the case of sun or smoke damaged skin, the Food and Drug Administration has only approved a few products that are proven to revitalize the skin. There are various products on the market today that can soothe dry skin and reduce age spots. Learning more about these products can help you and your clients to combat the signs of aging. Modifications that people make to their skin (such as permanent makeup) can also change the chemical balance of the skin.
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Book Code: CFL1025
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