After adjusting for income level on a regional basis, data findings suggest that overall psychotropic sales were highest in North America (167.54 DDD per 1,000 inhabitants per day); however, some individual European countries maintained the record for high levels of consumption of psychotropic medications. The lowest levels of consumption were found in Asia (5.59 DDD per 1,000 inhabitants per day). In 2019, Portugal recorded the highest psychotropic medication sales volume of 249.08 DDD per 1,000 inhabitants per day, followed by Belgium (200.46 DDD per 1,000 inhabitants per day), Spain (198.48 DDD per 1,000 inhabitants per day), Sweden (170.77 DDD per 1,000 inhabitants per day), Canada (168.10 DDD per 1,000 inhabitants per day), and the U.S. (166.99 DDD per 1,000 inhabitants per day).
Switzerland and Japan, among other countries, maintained a mid-range consumption record. This was the same observation with Jordan, which had a low record of consumption of psychotropic medications. Countries with the lowest consumption in 2019 were the Philippines (0.93 DDD per 1,000 inhabitants per day), Venezuela (3.69 DDD per 1,000 inhabitants per day), the United Arab Emirates (3.97 DDD per 1,000 inhabitants per day), Kuwait (4.34 DDD per 1,000 inhabitants per day), China (4.57 DDD per 1,000 inhabitants per day), and Kazakhstan (4.84 DDD per 1,000 inhabitants per day). With the exception of Venezuela, these countries also recorded the lowest rate in 2008. See Figure 4.
Figure 4: Correlation between Psychotropic Medicine Consumption and Prevalence of Mental Disorders in 65 Countries and Regions in 2019 by Psychotropic Medicine Consumption
Note . “Psychotropic medicine consumption in 65 countries and regions, 2008–19: a longitudinal study,” by Brauer, et al., 2021. Lancet Psychiatry , 8(12): pp. 1071-1082. (https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9766760/). Courtesy of the National Library of Medicine (NLM).
PHYSIOLOGICAL BASIS OF PSYCHOTROPIC DRUGS
Neurons, Neurotransmitters, and Behavioral Physiology The fundamental basis of behavioral physiology and neuropsychology holds a strong link with structural changes in various parts of the brain. The connection has long been considered a major research interest in psychopharmacology. Morphological changes in the brain are associated with distinct types of neuronal and neurochemical alterations that primarily affect mental health via cognition and behavior. This explains why different behavioral abnormalities studied in human populations have specific clinical psycho-behavioral Neurons and Synapses The normal human brains has more than 100 billion neurons that are interconnected in a complex matrix responsible for the transmission of information in the form of electrical signals. Each neuron is characterized by a lengthy process extending out from the cell body, also called the soma. Neurons exist in a variety of forms, including unipolar, multipolar, pseudounipolar, and anaxonic, with each differentiated by the number and arrangement of axons and dendrites.
expressions. The connection between behavioral health and psychopharmacology seems to focus primarily on the brain. The human brain controls all behavioral patterns based on endogenous and exogenous influences. In humans and other biological systems, these behavioral patterns are mediated by neuronal communications between the neurons of the brain and other cells of the body through a complex chemo-electrical messenger interface (Serrano et al., 2022). Axons, as a part of the protracted process, carry efferent signals, while dendrites transmit afferent signals. The body (soma) houses the nucleus and other organelles and primarily functions in signal transmission. Depending on the locations and functions of a neuron, its basic structure might be slightly different. For instance, a neuron may have one or more, dendrites depending on its primary function.
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