Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy: Theory, Techniques, and Applications, 3rd Edition _ _____________________
Alternative Thought(s) • What other thoughts could you substitute that would be more realistic, accurate, valid, and helpful? • To what degree do you believe these alternative thoughts (on a scale from 0 to 100)? • Now reevaluate the degree to which you believe your original automatic thoughts (on a scale from 0 to 100). Emotion(s) • What emotions did you experience, and how strongly did you feel each emotion (on a scale from 0 to 100)? • What physical sensations did you have with these emotions? • After completing this exercise, now how do you feel? How strongly do you feel each emotion (on a scale from 0 to 100)? • Do you feel different physically? If so, how? What Have I Learned? • What have you learned through this exercise? GLOSSARY Affect : External display of emotion. Automatic thoughts : Those thoughts that spontaneously occur and that are often most easily identified by the individual. Behavior : Actions. Cognitions : Thoughts, memories, perceptions, expectations, standards, images, attributions, plans, goals, and beliefs (Messer & Kaslow, 2019). Collaborative empiricism : Therapist and client working together to test cognitions using empirical evidence (A.T. Beck & Weishaar, 2018). Conceptualization : An explanation or concept that is deter- mined through consideration of multiple sources of informa- tion. Core beliefs : Deepest level of beliefs held by an individual, characterized by global, fundamental, rigid, and overgeneral- ized features (Beck, 1995). Diathesis stress model : Theory that posits that disorders are produced through the interaction between biological/ genetic vulnerabilities and environmental events or stressors. Zubin and Spring (1977) presented this theory in relation to schizophrenia. Empathy : The quality of identifying with and attempting to understand someone else’s emotions or experiences. Guided discovery : The process of guiding the client to discover alternate ways of thinking that allow for more adaptive and healthy functioning.
APPENDIX
EXAMPLE OF A THOUGHT RECORD The following is an example of the components that are often included in a thought record. It is common to begin teaching a client how to use such a record by first introducing a subset of columns. For example, the client may be asked at first only to complete columns listing the situation, emotion, and initial thoughts in order to build his or her skills in identifying emo- tions and thoughts, see the link between thoughts and emo- tions, and begin exposure to having to complete homework. Additional concepts and columns can be added as therapy progresses. Thought logs are available from many resources. Most such logs can trace their origins to the “Daily Record of Dysfunc- tional Thoughts” presented by A. Beck (1979). The sample log presented here is adapted from this resource, as well as from J. Beck’s (1995) “Dysfunctional Thought Record,” and it includes a compilation of thought evaluation techniques discussed and cited earlier in this text. Situation • Describe the event that prompted thoughts leading to your emotional reaction. Thoughts • What thoughts or images came to your mind right away? • To what degree do you believe those thoughts to be true (on a scale from 0 to 100)? Evaluating Thoughts • Evaluate whether the thought is accurate, realistic, valid, and helpful. (You can use a separate sheet to evaluate each thought.) • What is the evidence for and against that thought? • What facts are this thought based on? • Does this thought reflect a distorted pattern of thinking? • How balanced is this thought? Is it extreme or “all or none”? • How reliable is the information on which this thought is based? • What would you tell a friend who had this thought? • How has this thought been helpful to you? • How does this thought cost you? • What behaviors does this thought or type of thinking lead to? Do you see a pattern in your behavior? • What are the potential consequences of this thought (including best, worst, and most realistic)?
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