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Aging Spine Fitness: Evidence-Based Strengthening Techniques for Seniors: Summary 17
FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS
24. The three-joint complex of the spine includes the: a. vertebral body and two facet joints. b. intervertebral disc and two facet joints. c. vertebral endplate and two facet joints. d. vertebral endplate, intervertebral disc, and vertebral body. 25. Which spine muscle plays a major role in segmental stability of the spine? a. Quadratus lumborum b. Iliocostalis c. Longissimus d. Multifidus 26. Which abdominal muscle plays a major role in stabilizing the spine and is the deepest abdominal muscle? a. Transversus abdominis b. External oblique c. Internal oblique d. Rectus abdominus 27. All of the following are considered normal age-related changes to the nucleus pulposus EXCEPT: a. loss of hydration. b. decreased stiffness. c. increased stiffness. d. reduced disc height. 28. The orientation of the facet joints in the lumbar spine allows for which primary motion? a. Rotation b. Sidebend c. Flexion-extension d. Both rotation and sidebend 29. Patency of the lateral spinal foramen is affected by which of the following age-related changes to the spine? a. Disc degeneration and bulging b. Facet joint hypertrophy c. Ligamentum flavum hypertrophy d. All of the above 30. Both the central and lateral foramen demonstrate increased patency with ________ and decreased patency with ________.
31. Which of the following is true regarding degenerative disc disease? a. Spinal motion increases as the amount of degenerative disc disease increases. b. It is marked by an increase in differentiation between the nucleus pulposus and annulus fibrosis. c. Stages of degenerative disc disease are dysfunction, stability, loss of stabilization. d. When severe, degenerative disc disease is almost the equivalent of the loss of motion associated with spinal fusion. 32. The word that is a generalized term for osteoarthritis in the spine is: a. spondylolisthesis. b. spondylosis. c. central stenosis. d. lateral stenosis. 33. The levels most affected by facet joint degeneration are:
a. T12–L1 and L1–L2. b. L1–L2 and L2–L3. c. L2–L3 and L4–L5. d. L4–L5 and L5–S1. 34. Mild spinal stenosis is defined as:
a. narrowing of the central canal by 1/10 or less. b. narrowing of the central canal by 1/5 or less. c. narrowing of the central canal by 1/3 or less. d. narrowing of the central canal by 3/4 or more. 35. Stretching of which muscle group is important in managing spinal stenosis? a. Hip flexors b. Hamstrings c. Gastroc-soleus d. Gluteals 36. Which of the following is/are true regarding osteoporosis? a. It is defined as a bone mineral density that is 2.5 standard deviations below average for young healthy females. b. It results in an increased susceptibility to fractures. c. It is more common in females than males. d. All of the above.
a. flexion; extension b. extension; flexion c. rotation; flexion d. extension; rotation
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