● Squamous cell carcinoma : Forms in squamous cells that lie just beneath the outer layer of the skin surface; they also line other organs like the stomach, intestines, lungs, bladder, and kidneys. Sarcomas Sarcomas are cancers that form in bones and soft tissues, including muscle, fat, blood vessels, lymph vessels, tendons, and ligaments. They are less common than carcinoma, but they can be found in any part of the body. Sarcomas that start in bone tissue are called osteosarcomas . There are approximately fifty different types of sarcomas, including: ● Adult fibrosarcoma : Affects fibrous tissue in the legs, arms, or trunk; it is most common in people ages 20 to 60 years. ● Angiosarcoma : Can develop from lymph vessels or blood vessels; it can start in a part of the body that has been treated with radiation therapy. Leukemia Leukemias are a group of cancers that affect blood and bone marrow. They do not form solid tumors, but instead, they create a large number of abnormal white blood cells that are unable to fight infection. These cells also limit the ability of bone marrow to produce platelets and red blood cells. They crowd out the normal red blood cells, making it difficult for the body to get oxygen to the tissues or control bleeding. There are four primary types of leukemia: acute myeloid (or myelogenous) leukemia (AML), chronic myeloid (or myelogenous) leukemia (CML), acute lymphocytic (or lymphoblastic) leukemia (ALL), and chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). The differences between the four types of leukemia are the rates of progression and location. The first factor in classifying leukemia is whether it is acute or chronic. Acute leukemias are fast-growing and start in immature blood cells. They worsen quickly, as these cells divide faster than mature cells. Leukemia does not change the rate of division, Lymphoma Lymphomas are cancers that develop from abnormal lymphocyte cells in lymph nodes, lymph vessels, and other organs. There are two main types of lymphoma: Hodgkin lymphoma and Non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Hodgkin lymphoma usually forms from large B cells called Reed- Sternberg cells. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma can form from B cells or T cells and may grow quickly or slowly. ● Hodgkin lymphoma : Hodgkin disease is classified by its appearance under a microscope, but there are two main types, classic Hodgkin disease, and nodular lymphocyte- predominant Hodgkin disease. According to the American Cancer Society (2018), classic Hodgkin disease accounts for 90% of all cases of Hodgkin disease. There are four subtypes of Hodgkin disease (American Cancer Society, 2018): ○ Nodular sclerosis Hodgkin disease : The most common form of Hodgkin disease, accounts for 70% of cases (American Cancer Society, 2018). It usually starts in the lymph nodes of the neck or chest and is most common in younger people (teens and young adults). ○ Mixed-cellularity Hodgkin disease : Is seen mostly in older adults and it accounts for 4% of cases. This subtype usually begins in lymph nodes in the upper half of the body. ○ Lymphocyte-rich Hodgkin disease : Usually occurs in only a few lymph nodes in the upper half of the body and accounts for 5% of Hodgkin disease cases.
● Transitional cell carcinoma : Is found in cells that can change size, including those in the bladder, ureters, part of the kidneys, and other organs.
● Liposarcomas : Are malignant tumors that forms in fat tissue; they are most common in the thigh, behind the knee, or inside the back of the abdomen. ● Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors : Develop from cells that surround nerves; these include neurogenic sarcomas, malignant schwannomas, and neurofibrosarcomas. ● Synovial sarcoma : Develops in the synovial tissue around joints; it is more common in children but can also occur in adults. but the affected cells do not stop dividing when normal cells would. Patients who do not receive treatment usually live only a few months. Some forms of acute leukemia respond well to treatments and patients can be cured. Chronic leukemias occur in mature cells that are not completely normal and do not fight infection as well as normal white blood cells. These cells accumulate over time and crowd out the normal cells. Patients can live for many years with this form of leukemia, but it is more difficult to treat than acute leukemia. The other main factor in classifying leukemia is the location – myeloid cells versus lymphoid cells. Myeloid cells include monocytes, macrophages, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, erythrocytes, platelets, and dendritic cells. Lymphoid cells include T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells. Myeloid leukemias begin in immature myeloid cells, but lymphocytic leukemias start in immature forms of lymphocytes. ○ Lymphocyte-depleted Hodgkin disease : Accounts for less than 1% of cases and is the least common. It is found in lymph nodes of the abdomen but also can be found in the liver, bone marrow, and spleen. This form is usually more advanced when it is diagnosed. ○ Nodular lymphocyte predominant Hodgkin disease : Usually starts in lymph nodes in the neck and axilla, but it accounts for only about 5% of all cases of Hodgkin disease. The cells involved are a variant of Reed- Sternberg cells called “popcorn cells” because of their appearance. ● Non-Hodgkin lymphoma : Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) is more common that Hodgkin lymphoma. Like, Hodgkin lymphoma it has two major subtypes: B-cell lymphoma and T-cell/natural killer cell lymphoma, where B-cell lymphoma makes up 85% of the cases. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma is also classified into categories, aggressive or indolent NHL, based on the speed of disease progression. Aggressive NHL makes up 60% of the cases in the United States (Leukemia & Lymphoma Society, n.d.). It is also called high-grade or fast- growing NHL. Diffuse large B-cell lymphoma is the most common aggressive subtype. Indolent NHL is also called low- grade or slow-growing and it accounts for the remaining 40% of NHL cases. There are some cases where the disease progresses at an intermediate speed between fast and slow growing. In other cases, indolent NHL has also been shown to transform into aggressive NHL. the blood. The extra calcium in the bloodstream damages the kidneys and other organs. Patients with multiple myeloma may not show signs or symptoms until advanced stages. Melanoma is cancer that forms in cells (melanocytes) of pigmented tissue such as the skin and the eye. The National
Multiple myeloma, melanoma, and brain/spinal cord tumors Multiple myeloma is a form of cancer that develops in another type of immune cell called plasma cells. The abnormal plasma cells, myeloma cells, make M proteins that build up in the bone marrow and cause the blood to thicken. These cells also create tumors in soft tissues and bones throughout the body. Myeloma bone tumors weaken the bones and leak excessive calcium into
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