CHAPTER 2: HIV/AIDS: TESTING, RISK FACTORS, AND PREVALENCE
Chapter overview This chapter describes testing to determine the prevalence of HIV/AIDS and risk factors that may determine which individuals will develop disease from bloodborne pathogens. Identifying risk factors and testing procedures Chapter objectives List common risk factors and prevalence statistic in HIV/ AIDS.
that increase prevalence are the first steps in preventing these diseases. Statistics throughout Florida and the United States will be compared.
Describe ways to test for the disease and prevent the spread of HIV/AIDS.
WHERE DID HIV COME FROM?
In 1999, scientists reported that they had discovered the origin of HIV-1. They identified a subspecies of chimpanzees native to West Equatorial Africa as the original source of the virus. The virus most likely was introduced into the human How many people have HIV/AIDS? UNAIDS estimates that 37.9 million people were living with HIV/AIDS worldwide at the end of 2018, the most current statistic given. UNAIDS provided the following statistics on its Global HIV & AIDS Statistics — 2019 Fact Sheet: Global HIV statistics: ● 24.5 million [21.6 million–25.5 million] people were accessing antiretroviral therapy (end of June 2019). ● 1.7 million [1.4 million–2.3 million] people became newly infected with HIV (end 2018). ● 770,000 [570,000–1.1 million] people died from AIDS- related illnesses (end 2018). ● 74.9 million [58.3 million–98.1 million] people have become infected with HIV since the start of the epidemic (end 2018). ● 32 million [23.6 million–43.8 million] people have died from AIDS-related illnesses since the start of the epidemic (end 2018). People living with HIV: ● In 2018, there were 37.9 million [32.7 million–44.0 million] people living with HIV: ○ 36.2 million [31.3 million–42.0 million] adults. ○ 1.7 million [1.3 million–2.2 million] children (<15 years). ● 79% [67–92%] of all people living with HIV knew their HIV status. ● About 8.1 million people did not know that they were living with HIV. People living with HIV accessing antiretroviral therapy: ● As of end of June 2019, 24.5 million [21.6 million–25.5 million] people were accessing antiretroviral therapy. ● In 2018, 23.3 million [20.5 million–24.3 million] people living with HIV were accessing antiretroviral therapy, up from 7.7 million [6.8 million–8.0 million] in 2010. ● In 2018, 62% [47–74%] of all people living with HIV were accessing treatment: ○ 62% [47–75%] of adults aged 15 years and older living with HIV had access to treatment, as did 54% [37–73%] of children aged 0–14 years. ○ 68% [52-82%] of female adults aged 15 years and older had access to treatment; however, just 55% [41-68%] of male adults aged 15 years and older had access. ● 82% [62– >95%] of pregnant women living with HIV had access to antiretroviral medicines to prevent transmission of HIV to their child in 2018.
population when hunters were exposed to the infected blood of non-human primates. More information about the origin of HIV is available from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. New HIV infections: ● New HIV infections have been reduced by 40% since the peak in 1997. ● In 2018, around 1.7 million [1.4 million–2.3 million] were newly infected with HIV, compared to 2.9 million [2.3 million–3.8 million] in 1997. ● Since 2010, new HIV infections have declined by an estimated 16%, from 2.1 million [1.6 million–2.7 million] to 1.7 million [1.4 million–2.3 million] in 2018. ● Since 2010, new HIV infections among children have declined by 41%, from 280,000 [190,000–430,000] in 2010 to 160,000 [110,000–260,000] in 2018. AIDS-related deaths: ● AIDS-related deaths have been reduced by more than 56% since the peak in 2004. ● In 2018, around 770,000 [570,000–1.1 million] people died from AIDS-related illnesses worldwide, compared to 1.7 million [1.3 million–2.4 million] in 2004 and 1.2 million [860 000–1.6 million] in 2010. ● AIDS-related mortality has declined by 33% since 2010. 90–90–90: ● In 2018, 79% [67–92%] of people living with HIV knew their status. ● Among people who knew their status, 78% [69–82%] were accessing treatment. ● And among people accessing treatment, 86% [72–92%] were virally suppressed. ● Of all people living with HIV, 79% [67-92%] knew their status, 62% [47-74%] were accessing treatment, and 53% [43-63%] were virally suppressed in 2018. Women: ● Every week, around 6,000 young women aged 15–24 years become infected with HIV. ● In sub-Saharan Africa, 4 in 5 new infections among adolescents aged 15–19 years are in girls. Young women aged 15–24 years are twice as likely to be living with HIV than men. ● More than one-third (35%) of women around the world have experienced physical and/or sexual violence at some time in their lives. ● In some regions, women who have experienced physical or sexual intimate partner violence are 1.5 times more likely to acquire HIV than women who have not experienced such violence.
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Book Code: CFL0425
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