Signs and symptoms of active TB include : ○ Coughing that lasts three or more weeks. ○ Coughing up blood. ○ Chest pain, or pain with breathing or coughing. ○ Unintentional weight loss. ○ Fatigue. ○ Fever. ○ Night sweats. ○ Chills. ○ Loss of appetite. When TB occurs outside your lungs, signs and symptoms vary according to the organs involved. For example, tuberculosis of the spine may cause back pain, and tuberculosis in the kidneys might cause blood in the urine. Many people who have latent TB infection may never develop TB disease. In these people, the TB bacteria remain inactive for a lifetime without causing disease. But in other people, especially people who have weak immune systems, the bacteria become active and cause TB disease.
Mayo Clinic (2020) defines two stages of TB infection as follows: ● Latent TB : In this condition, you have a TB infection, but the bacteria remain in your body in an inactive state and cause no symptoms. Latent TB, also called inactive TB or TB infection , isn't contagious. It can turn into active TB, so treatment is important for the person with latent TB and to help control the spread of TB. An estimated 2 billion people have latent TB. People with latent TB infection: ○ Have no symptoms. ○ Don’t feel sick. ○ Can’t spread TB to others. ○ Usually have a positive skin test reaction. ○ Can develop TB disease later in life if they do not receive preventive therapy. ● Active TB : This condition makes you sick and, in most cases, can spread to others. It can occur in the first few weeks after infection with the TB bacteria, or it might occur years later.
VIRAL HEPATITIS
● An altered sense of taste and smell. ● Nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. ● Low-grade fever. ● Malaise. Other symptoms can include: ● Jaundice – abnormally yellow skin and eyes caused by bile entering the blood. ● Darkened urine; light-colored or gray stool. Diagnosis of hepatitis Although health providers use information about a person’s symptoms, health history, and behaviors to help make a diagnosis, only blood tests can confirm the diagnosis and pinpoint which type of hepatitis a person has. Imaging studies may be used, such as CAT scans or sonograms; liver biopsies may also be used. Treatments for viral hepatitis Health professionals manage symptoms as they occur and try to help the body’s immune system fight the infection. If you have viral hepatitis, your health care provider may tell you to: ● Avoid alcohol and other drugs; large doses of vitamins; and prescription drugs metabolized by the liver (sometimes including birth control pills). ● Drink high-calorie fluids such as fruit juices and eat a balanced diet that includes dairy products; meat, poultry or seafood; breads and cereals; and fruits and vegetables (to control nausea, try eating several smaller meals). ● Limit activity if your hepatitis is symptomatic; this typically means bed rest at first, progressing to normal activity as symptoms disappear. Your health professional may recommend hospitalization if you experience severe vomiting or do not feel better after several weeks.
Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver caused by medications, alcohol, or a variety of other agents, including the viruses that cause mumps, measles, herpes, and infectious mononucleosis. However, when health professionals talk about viral hepatitis, they usually mean hepatitis caused by the hepatitis A, hepatitis B, or hepatitis C virus. The differences between hepatitis A, B and C Although hepatitis A, B and C have similar symptoms, the viruses themselves are quite different. The hepatitis A virus can enter a person’s body when he/she eats or drinks something contaminated with the stool or blood of someone who has the disease. Symptoms usually appear within two to six weeks but are not normally followed by the chronic problems that hepatitis B and C viruses can cause. The hepatitis B and C viruses can infect a person if his/her mucous membranes or blood are exposed to an infected person’s blood, saliva, wound exudates, semen, or vaginal secretions. Symptoms appear more gradually than in hepatitis A. Unlike the hepatitis A virus, the hepatitis B and C viruses can stay in the body – sometimes for a lifetime – and eventually may cause chronic, serious liver diseases. Protections against infection Because the different viruses that cause hepatitis enter the body in different ways, there are several steps you can take to protect yourself from infection. Practicing good hygiene and safer sexual behaviors is a good first step. For more specific information, see the individual sections for hepatitis A, B and C. The symptoms of viral hepatitis Early symptoms of viral hepatitis include: ● Fatigue. ● Tenderness in the upper right abdomen. ● Sore muscles and joints. ● Loss of appetite. Hepatitis A (HAV) From 2016 through 2019, 30 states reported HAV outbreaks spread through person-to-person contact resulting in close to 30,000 infections with high numbers of hospitalizations and deaths (HHS, 2020b). You can become infected by eating or drinking something that has been contaminated
with the stool (feces) or blood of someone who has the disease.
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