For example: ● Gloves should be worn during contact with blood or other body fluids that could possibly contain blood. Personal service workers (e.g., barbers, cosmetologists) should wear gloves when waxing, giving manicures/ pedicures, facials, tweezing, or performing any other service that could possibly draw blood. ● Cuts, sores, or breaks on both the personal-service worker’s and the client or customer’s exposed skin should be covered with bandages. ● Hands and other parts of the body should be washed immediately after contact with blood or other bodily fluids. ● Surfaces soiled with blood should be disinfected with an EPA-registered tuberculocidal disinfectant. ● Practices that increase the likelihood of blood contact, such as the careless use of razors, scissors, and clippers, should be avoided. ● Needles and other sharp instruments should be used only when medically necessary and handled according to recommendations for health care settings. In 1985, CDC issued routine precautions that all personal service workers (e.g., barbers, cosmetologists, massage therapists) should follow, even though there is no evidence of transmission from a personal-service worker to a client or vice versa. Instruments that are intended to penetrate the skin (e.g., tattooing and acupuncture needles, ear piercing devices) should be used once and disposed of or thoroughly cleaned and sterilized.
Instruments not intended to penetrate the skin, but which may become contaminated with blood (e.g., razors) should be used for only one client and disposed of or thoroughly cleaned and disinfected after each use. Personal-service workers can use the same cleaning procedures that are recommended for health care institutions. The following section contains information from the Charleston Cosmetology Institute (2018) to handle accidental exposure in the cosmetology setting. Exposure incidents
When a client's skin is cut during a salon service, blood or body fluid can be present. Follow these steps for the safety of you and your client:
1. If a cut occurs, STOP the service! 2. Put on gloves to protect yourself from contact with the blood. 3. Clean injured area with antiseptic. 4. Use an adhesive bandage to cover the cut. 5. Clean the workstation. 6. Discard contaminated objects. Discard all disposable contaminated objects such as wipes or cotton balls by double-bagging. Use a biohazard sticker or a container for contaminated waste. 7. Disinfect tools and implements by thoroughly cleaning and immersing in EPA-registered, hospital disinfectant solution for 10 minutes. 8. Remove gloves and wash your hands with warm soap and water before continuing the service.
TREATMENT OF HIV/AIDS
The use of antiretroviral therapy (ART) medications involves a daily regimen of a combination of drugs designed to lower the viral load to an undetectable level. This means that the level of HIV in the blood is so low that it cannot be detected by a viral load test. When this low level of undetectable viral load is achieved, there is no risk of transmitting HIV to others through sex. These drugs do not cure or eradicate the virus but slow and limit the progression of HIV in the body. HIV attacks the disease fighting CD4 cells of the body’s immune system. If CD4 cells are depleted, the body’s immune system is compromised so that it cannot fight off disease and HIV-related cancers. ART therapy works to stop the virus from replicating and attacking the CD4 cells. When the CD4 cells flourish, the immune system is strong and can fight the effects if the limited viral load of HIV in the body. Art therapy should be started immediately upon diagnosis to help patients live a long, quality life and to stop the transmission of HIV to other sexual partners. The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2020a) lists a number of medications that are approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of HIV. Many new drugs are now approved to attack to virus, preventing it from replicating itself in the body. There have been many advancements in the medication treatment of HIV since the illness was identified in the 1980s. Some of the drug classes are very new as noted by the date they were approved on the charts below. The first group is a drug class called nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) which work to block transcriptase, an HIV enzyme, which serves to prevent the HIV from replication so the virus cannot duplicate itself.
Drugs in this class include: Generic Name
Brand Name FDA Approval Date
Abacavir (abacavir sulfate, ABC)
Ziagen
December 17, 1998
Emtricitabine (FTC) Emtriva
July 2, 2003
Lamivudine (3TC) Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (tenofovir DF, TDF) Zidovudine (azidothymidine, AZT, ZDV)
Epivir Viread
November 17, 1995 October 26, 2001
Retrovir
March 19, 1987
The next drug class used for HIV treatment are non- nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIS). These drugs bind to and then alter reverse transcriptase, the HIV enzyme that allows the virus to replicate itself. Drugs in this class include: Generic Name Brand Name FDA Approval Date Doravirine (DOR) Pifeltro August 30, 2018 Efavirenz (EFV) Sustiva September 17, 1998 Etravirine (ETR) Intelence January 18, 2008 Nevirapine Viramune June 21, 1996
(extended-release nevirapine, NVP)
Viramune XR (extended release)
March 25, 2011
Rilpivirine (rilpivirine hydrochloride, RPV)
Edurant
May 20, 2011
Page 15
Book Code: CFL0425
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