● High blood pressure. ● Migraines. ● Anxiety and depression. ● Bronchial congestion caused by allergies and asthma. ● Varicose veins. It is important to note that there is not sufficient research evidence to support these claims. The National Institute of Health has reviewed the practice of cupping and came to the following conclusions: ● No serious adverse effects were reported in the studies. ● The quality and quantity of research on cupping therapy appears to be improved during the past fifty years in China, and majority of studies show potential benefit herpes zoster and other diseases. ● There is some evidence suggesting that any therapeutic benefit from cupping may be the result of a placebo effect, but the concluded that cupping could be effective in treating the pain and disability associated with chronic neck pain and chronic low-back pain in the short term [WebMD,2016]. ● Cupping is considered generally safe for healthy people when performed by a trained health professional; however, bruising, soreness, burns, discomfort, and skin infections are possible. Biotensegrity massage therapy Tensegrity is an architectural concept developed by Buckminster Fuller. It is based on the characteristic property of a stable three- dimensional structure consisting of members under tension that are contiguous and members under compression that are not (Medical Dictionary, 2012). Biotensegrity, though not new, is becoming more popular and applies this principle to the human body’s muscular-skeletal relationships based on the forces of tension provided by muscles, tendons, ligaments, and fascia, pulling on structure, bones and joints, that help keep the body both stable and efficient in mass and movement (Medical Dictionary, 2012). Biotensegrity explains: ● Bodies work as tensegrity structures and our bones do not directly pass loads to each other. ● Forces primarily flow through our muscles and fascial structures and not in a continuous compression manner through our bones. ● Our bones do not directly touch each other, and are actually “floating” in the tension structure created by our fascial network. ● Biotensegrity represents a significant conceptual shift from the common sense view that our bones are the load bearing structures in our bodies like the framing of a house (SunSpiral, 2010). Twenty years ago, Dr. Stephen Levin, an orthopedic surgeon started applying tensegrity concepts to biology. He looked at bones as a system of continuous compressions members, like the beams and rafters of a house, which results in force calculations predicting the shearing and crushing of bones under regular daily loads (Sharkley, 2015). He points out that only through the transmission of forces in the tensional members of our bodies, the muscles and connective tissue, that we can account for our ability to perform simple everyday tasks (Sharkley, 2015). The biotensegrity model rejects the idea that the skeleton is the framework for the soft tissues and the limbs are not a simple collection of rigid body segments held together by soft tissues (Sharkley, 2015). These segments are interconnected by non- linear connectors like cartilage, joint capsules and ligaments, which are integrated within the active motor system that includes the muscles and tendons (Sharkley, 2015). Biotensegrity massage therapy involves manual manipulation of soft tissues that incorporates muscles, connective tissue or fascia, tendons, ligaments, and joints. It is used to treat the problems
● Cupping should not be performed on people with underlying health conditions, as more serious side effects can occur. ● People considering cupping should not delay conventional treatment for their condition or use cupping in place of conventional treatment. ● Further rigorously designed research trials in relevant conditions are warranted to support their use in practice. (National Institute of Health, 2016) Recommendations The massage and bodywork practitioner will need specialized training and practice before proceeding with cupping therapy. Before implementing cupping, and all modalities of therapy, it is important to discuss the risks and benefits with the client and include this information on the informed consent forms. If the client is unsure of whether they should proceed with cupping, a shared decision making process might be in order. Topics to cover in the decision making process include: ● Options for standard treatments for the condition. ● Conditions that may indicate cupping.
● The risks and benefits of cupping. ● The form of cupping to be used. ● Possible side effects. ● Expected outcomes. ● The number of treatments required.
associated with strains and overuse issues that result in pain. The principles of biotensegrity require a whole body, whole person approach as in the following example of the common problems caused by rounded shoulders: ● In this case, excessive compression is being exerted anteriorly while excessive tension is experienced posteriorly. This appears as “shortening” at the front and “overly long” tissues at the back. ● Joint space becomes compromised, fascia thickens to support the new posture, and bones and other soft tissues can drift out of alignment if such a situation continues without attention. ● The body adopts posture referred to as a “compensatory pattern”. ● Forces on the body may not be distributed appropriately creating additional strain and a downward spiral throughout the entire organism. ● The solution would be to restore balance between the forces of tension and compression. ● Treating the anterior chest and upper back may seem appropriate but a focus on local body parts alone will not ensure sustained success. ● A combination of local changes and global re-enforcement, with movement education, can bring about a new soft tissue pattern that permits the whole structure to gradually change and sustain a more useful pattern ● This new orientation results in less pain and the possibility of reversing the downward spiral to an upward one; benefiting the whole organism. ● Any tension change within the myofascial system becomes a whole body event as the fascia translates tension signals throughout the whole body system (Sharkley, 2015). Biotensegrity deserves continued study and can be an important model for massage and bodywork therapists because it applies the basic foundations of body movement and structure. Understanding biotensegrity will increase knowledge of anatomy, structure, function and underlying logic of “body architecture” that forms the context of therapeutic benefits (Sharkley, 2015). As with any procedure the therapist must carefully study the modality to ascertain the benefits and risks for clients and receive the appropriate training and credentials prior to implementing any strategies with clients.
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Book Code: MTX1323
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