California Psychology Ebook Continuing Education-PYCA1423

services. An increase in healthcare facilities, a more diverse healthcare workforce, and collaboration with cultural and community services can all contribute to improvements in access disparities (HHS.gov, 2021b). Chin et al provided specific suggestions for community involvement through school-based care, household outreach, and religious-based care delivery. Members of the community may be involved as peer coaches, peer educators, and patient care navigators to enhance use of healthcare services. Educational material intended to address Conclusion The history of race and racism in America is central to the development of racial implicit bias across various sectors of our society and is a major contributor to racial healthcare inequities. However, we must not lose sight of the intersection of implicit bias and gender,sexual orientation, weight, race, and other individual and group characteristics. Our patients bring their unique physical condition, their intersectional Balas, B., Westerlund, A., Hung, K., & Nelson III, C. A. (2011). Shape, color and the other- race effect in the infant brain. Developmental Science, 14 (4), 892-900.10.1111/j.1467- 7687.2011.01039.x Š Ben-Zeev, A., Dennehy, T. C., Goodrich, R. I., Kolarik, B. S., & Geisler, M. W. (2014). When an “Educated” Black Man Becomes Lighter in the Mind’s Eye. SAGE Open, 4 (1), 215824401351677. 10.1177/2158244013516770 Š Blake, J. J., Keith, V. M., Luo, W., Le, H., & Salter, P. (2017). The role of colorism in explaining African American females’ suspension risk. School Psychology Quarterly, 32 (1), 118-130. 10.1037/spq0000173 Š Branigan, A. R., Freese, J., Sidney, S., & Kiefe, C. I. (2019). The Shifting Salience of Skin Color for Educational Attainment. Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World, 5 , 237802311988982. 10.1177/2378023119889829 Š References Š California Legislative Information. (2021). Bill Text - AB-241 Implicit bias: continuing education: requirements. https://leginfo.legislature.ca.gov/faces/billNavClient.xhtml?bill_ id=201920200AB241 Š Chin, M. H., Clarke, A. R., Nocon, R. S., Casey, A. A., Goddu, A. P., Keesecker, N. M.,& Cook, S. C. (2012). A Roadmap and Best Practices for Organizations to Reduce Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 27 ,992–1000. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11606-012-2082-9 Š Cohen, A. S. (2021). Harvard’s Eugenics Era. Harvard Magazine . https://www. harvardmagazine.com/2016/03/harvards-eugenics-era Š Cooper, L. A., Roter, D. L., Carson, K. A., Beach, M. C., Sabin, J. A., Greenwald, A. G.,& Inui, T. S. (2012). The Associations of Clinicians’ Implicit Attitudes About Race With Medical Visit Communication and Patient Ratings of Interpersonal Care. American Journal of Public Health, 102 (5), 979-987. 10.2105/ajph.2011.300558 Š Cuevas, A. G., O’Brien, K., & Saha, S. (2019). Can patient-centered communication reduce the effects of medical mistrust on patients’ decision making? Health Psychology, 38 (4), 325- 333. 10.1037/hea0000721 Š DeAngelis, T. (2019). How does implicit bias by physicians affect patients’ healthcare? American Psychological Association. https://www.apa.org/monitor/2019/03/ce-corner. Published March 2019 Š Di Brito, S. R., Lopez, C. M., Jones, C., & Mathur, A. (2019). Reducing Implicit Bias: Association of Women Surgeons #HeForShe Task Force Best Practice Recommendations. Journal of the American College of Surgeons, 228 (3), 303-309.10.1016/j. jamcollsurg.2018.12.011 Š Dimuro, G. (2018). Southerners Actually Thought Slaves Escaping Was A Sign Of Mental Illness. All That’s Interesting . https://allthatsinteresting.com/drapetomania Š Edgoose, J., Quiogue, M., & Sidhar, K. (2019). How to Identify, Understand, and Unlearn Implicit Bias in Patient Care. Family Practice Management, 26 (4), 29-33.https://www.aafp. org/fpm/2019/0700/p29.html Š Eight tactics to identify and reduce your implicit biases. (2020). The Journal of Medical Practice Management: MPM, 35 (5), 237. https://login.proxy.lib.duke.edu/login?url=https:// www.proquest.com/scholarly-journals/eight-tactics-identify-reduce-your-implicit/ docview/2504870922/se-2?accountid=10598 Š Erickson, J. H. & Pearson J. (2021). Excluding Whom? Race, Gender, and Suspension in High School. Education and Urban Society , 001312452110275.10.1177/00131245211027510 Š FitzGerald, C. & Hurst, S. (2017). Implicit bias in healthcare professionals: asystematic review. BMC Medical Ethics, 1 . 10.1186/s12910-017-0179-8 Š Franklin, J. H. & Higginbotham, E.B. (2011). From Slavery to Freedom: A History of African Americans . McGraw-Hill/Connect Learn Succeed. Š Gilder Lerhman Institute of American History. (2021). Historical Context: Facts about the Slave Trade and Slavery . https://www.gilderlehrman.org/history-resources/teaching- resource/historical-context-facts-about-slave-trade-and-slavery Š Gilliam, W., Maupin, A., Reyes, C., Accavitti, M., & Shic, F. (2016). Do Early Educators’ Implicit Biases Regarding Sex and Race Relate to Behavior Expectations and Recommendations of Preschool Expulsions and Suspensions? Yale Child Study Center. Š Grant, C. (2020). What Is Colorism? Verywell Mind. https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is- colorism-5077380 Š Hagiwara, N., Slactcher, R. B., Eggly, S., & Penner, L. A. (2016). Physician Racial Bias and Word Use during Racially Discordant Medical Interactions. Health Communication, 32 (4), 401-408. 10.1080/10410236.2016.1138389 Š HHS.gov. (2021a). S trategic Goal 1: Protect and Strengthen Equitable Access to High Quality and Affordable Healthcare . https://www.hhs.gov/about/draft-strategic-plan/goal-1/ index.html Š HHS.gov. (2021b). Strategic Goal 1.3. Expand equitable access to comprehensive,community-based, innovative, and culturally-competent healthcare services while addressing social determinants of health. https://www.hhs.gov/about/draft-strategic- plan/goal-1/objective-1-3/index.html

specific cultural perspectives can target unique characteristics of the community and “open door”clinic policies and streamlined referral processes may contribute to an increase in patient participation. Chin et al also suggest that reduced out of pocket costs or free giveaways can serve as financial incentives to improve participation in healthcare services. Lastly,psychological services and support through family therapy, motivational interviewing, and counseling can help to encourage access to additional services and care (Chin et al., 2012). identity, and, in many cases,significant time, living within the ingrained structures, attitudes, and beliefs of this nation. It's our responsibility to not only engage what we are consciously aware of but also work to uncover personal and organizational biases that impede our movement towards a healthcare environment and society of true equity and the highest quality care for all. Š Hoffman, K. M., Trawalter, S., Axt, J. R., & Oliver, M. N. (2016). Racial bias in pain assessment and treatment recommendations, and false beliefs about biological differences between blacks and whites. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 113 (16), 4296-4301. 10.1073/pnas.1516047113 Š IHI Multimedia Team. (2019). How to Reduce Implicit Bias . http://www.ihi.org/communities/ blogs/how-to-reduce-implicit-bias Š Johnson, J. D., Asiodu, I. V., McKenzie, C. P., Tucker, C., Tullly, K. P., Bryant, K., Verbiest, S., & Stuebe, A. M. (2019). Racial and Ethnic Inequities in Postpartum Pain Evaluation and Management. Obstetrics and gynecology .10.1097/AOG.0000000000003505. Š Johnson, T. J., Hickey, R. W., Switzer, G. E., Miller, E., Winger, D. G., Nguyen, M., Saladino, R. A., & Hausmann, L. R. M. (2016). The Impact of Cognitive Stressors in the Emergency Department on Physician Implicit Racial Bias. Academic Emergency Medicine, 23 (3), 297- 305. 10.1111/acem.12901 Š Lee, K., Quinn, P. C., & Pascalis, O. (2017). Face Race Processing and Racial Bias in Early Development: A Perceptual-Social Linkage. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 26 (3), 256-262. 10.1177/0963721417690276 Š Louie, P. & Wilkes, R. (2018). Representations of race and skin tone in medical textbook imagery. Social Science & Medicine, 202 , 38-42.10.1016/j.socscimed.2018.02.023 Š MacNell, L., Driscoll, A., & Hunt, A. N. (2014). What’s in a Name: Exposing Gender Bias in Student Ratings of Teaching. Innovative Higher Education, 4 , 291-303.10.1007/s10755-014- 9313-4 Š Medical News Today. (2021). Phrenology: What is it, and how did it contribute to neuroscience? https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/phrenology-the-pseudoscience- of-skull-shapes Š Mende-Siedlecki, P., Qu-Lee, J., Backer, R., & Van Bavel, J. J. (2019). Perceptual contributions to racial bias in pain recognition. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 148 (5), 863-889. 10.1037/xge0000600 Š Mitchell, K. M. W. & Martin, J. (2018). Gender Bias in Student Evaluations. PS: Political Science & Politics, 51 (03), 648-652. 10.1017/s104909651800001x Š Narayan, M. C. (2019). Addressing Implicit Bias in Nursing: A Review. AJN, American Journal of Nursing, 119 (7), 36-43. 10.1097/01.naj.0000569340.27659.5a Š O’Connell, H. A., Bratter, J. L., & Casarez, R. S. (2020). One drop on the move: historical legal context, racial classification, and migration. Ethnic and Racial Studies , 1-20. 10.1080/01419870.2020.1761554 Š Pirchio, S., Passiatore, Y., Panno, A., Maricchiolo, F., & Carrus, G. (2018). A Chip Off the Old Block: Parents’ Subtle Ethnic Prejudice Predicts Children’s Implicit Prejudice. Frontiers in Psychology, 9 . 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00110 Š Roeder, A. (2018). America is Failing its Black Mothers. Harvard Public Health Magazine . https://www.hsph.harvard.edu/magazine/magazine_article/america-is-failing-its-black- mothers/ Š Salam, M. (2018). For Serena Williams, Childbirth Was a Harrowing Ordeal. She’s Not Alone. The New York Times . https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/11/sports/tennis/serena-williams- baby-vogue.html Š Saluja, B. & Bryant, Z. (2020). How Implicit Bias Contributes to Racial Disparities in Maternal Morbidity and Mortality in the United States. Journal of Women’s Health,30 (2). 10.1089/ jwh.2020.8874 Š Schulman, K. A., Berlin, J. A., Harless, W., Kerner, J. F., Sistrunk, S., Gersh, B. J.,Dube, R., Taleghani, C. K., Burke, J. E., Williams, S., Eisenberg, J. M., & Escarce, J.J. (1999). The Effect of Race and Sex on Physicians’ Recommendations for Cardiac Catheterization. New England Journal of Medicine, 340 (14), 1130-1130.10.1056/nejm199904083401424 Š Skibba, R. (2019). The Disturbing Resilience of Scientific Racism. Smithsonian. Smithsonian Magazine . https://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/disturbing-resilience-scientific- racism-180972243/ Š Smedley, B. D., Stith, A. Y., & Nelson, A. R. (eds.). (2003). Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Understanding and Eliminating Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care. Unequal Treatment: Confronting Racial and Ethnic Disparities in Health Care . National Academies Press (US). Š Williams, A. & Steele, J. R. (2017). Examining Children’s Implicit Racial Attitudes Using Exemplar and Category-Based Measures. Child Development,90 (3).10.1111/cdev.12991 Š Wilson, B. N., Murase, J. E., Sliwka, D., & Botto, N. (2021). Bridging racial differences in the clinical encounter: How implicit bias and stereotype threat contribute to healthcare disparities in the dermatology clinic. International Journal of Women’s Dermatology . January 2021. 10.1016/j.ijwd.2020.12.013 Š Zheng, Y. & Samuel, A. G. (2017). Does seeing an Asian face make speech sound more accented? Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics, 79 (6), 1841-1859.10.3758/s13414-017- 1329-2

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