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What’s Inside
THIS COURSE SATISFIES ELECTIVE REQUIREMENT Chapter 1: Cosmetology Hazards and Occupational Chemical Exposure in Salons Cosmetologists are exposed to various chemicals every day in their profession. Many of the products used in salons have been linked to health risks due to chemicals found in their products.
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THIS COURSE SATISFIES CHEMICAL MAKEUP REQUIREMENT Chapter 2: Our Body’s Chemistry: Hair, Skin, and Nails
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The cosmetology industry survives on human services focusing on the Integumentary System, and therefore in order to provide quality cosmetic services, it is essential that licensed cosmetologists have a working understanding of the functions, chemical makeup, and proper treatment of the organs within the Integumentary System: skin, hair, and nails.
THIS COURSE SATISFIES WORKERS’ COMPENSATION REQUIREMENT Chapter 3: An Overview of the Workers’ Compensation System in Florida
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This chapter identifies the primary responsibilities of the Florida Division of Workers’ compensation, and what the duties for each department are. It will also discuss the benefit rights of the injured worker and how to file a claim and resolve a dispute. THIS COURSE SATISFIES HIV/AIDS REQUIREMENT Chapter 4: HIV/AIDS and Cosmetology: Protecting Your Clients and Yourself Learning about HIV/AIDS and recognizing commonly believed myths and misconceptions about the disease is important to professional cosmetology and the salon industry, as business is built upon customer relationships and the provision of quality and fair services to all customers. This chapter covers the two primary areas of law pertaining to the practice of cosmetology in the State of Florida and will also show excerpts of documents that will clarify regulations and explain legal responsibilities and obligations. THIS COURSE SATISFIES ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES REQUIREMENT Chapter 6: Environmental Safety: Hazardous Chemicals in the Salon Setting In the salon setting, one of the most important environmental factors is the presence of chemicals and hazardous materials. Multiple chemicals can be found within the salon setting, from the everyday products that are used on clients or the cleaning supplies used. THIS COURSE SATISFIES LAWS AND RULES REQUIREMENT Chapter 5: Florida Laws and Rules
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THIS COURSE SATISFIES OSHA REQUIREMENT Chapter 7: OSHA Responsibilities for the Salon
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In this chapter the learner will be able to address safety and health issues in the workplace, be able to describe employer responsibilities, and know the purpose of OSHA laws and regulations.
THIS COURSE SATISFIES SANITATION AND STERILIZATION REQUIREMENT Chapter 8: A Matter of Life or Death: Sanitation and Sterilization in the Salon Industry Infection and germs are a concern in the salon industry and can even be a matter of life and death. Following proper sanitation and sterilization practices can help prevent the spread of these killer organisms. Final Examination Answer Sheet
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©2024: All Rights Reserved. Materials may not be reproduced without the expressed written permission or consent of Colibri Healthcare, LLC. The materials presented in this course are meant to provide the consumer with general information on the topics covered. The information provided was prepared by professionals with practical knowledge in the areas covered. It is not meant to provide medical, legal or professional services advice. Colibri Healthcare, LLC recommends that you consult a medical, legal or professional services expert licensed in your state. Colibri Healthcare, LLC has made all reasonable efforts to ensure that all content provided in this course is accurate and up to date at the time of printing, but does not represent or warrant that it will apply to your situation or circumstances and assumes no liability from reliance on these materials. COSMETOLOGY CONTINUING EDUCATION Book Code: CFL1024 i
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How do I complete this course and receive my certificate of completion? See the following page for step by step instructions to complete and receive your certificate. Are you a Florida board-approved provider? Colibri Healthcare, LLC, is an approved provider by the Florida Board of Cosmetology (Provider #0008051). Are my credit hours reported to the Florida board? Yes. We report your hours electronically to the Florida Department of Business and Professional Regulation (DBPR) within one business day after completion. What information do I need to provide for course completion and certificate issuance? Please provide your license number on the test sheet to receive course credit. Your state may require additional information such as date of birth and/or last 4 of Social Security number; please provide these, if applicable. Is my information secure? Yes! We use SSL encryption, and we never share your information with third-parties. We are also rated A+ by the National Better Business Bureau. What if I still have questions? What are your business hours? No problem, we have several options for you to choose from! Online at EliteLearning.com/Cosmetology you will see our robust FAQ section that answers many of your questions, simply click FAQs at the top of the page, e-mail us at office@elitelearning.com, or call us toll free at 1-855-769-9888, Monday - Friday 9:00 am - 6:00 pm, EST and Sat. 10:00 am - 4:00 pm EST. Important information for licensees: Always check your state’s board website to determine the number of hours required for renewal, mandatory subjects (as these are subject to change), and the amount that may be completed through home-study. Also, make sure that you notify the board of any changes of address. It is important that your most current address is on file.
Licensing board contact information: Florida Department of Business and Professional Regulation (DBPR) Division of Professions I Board of Cosmetology 2601 Blair Stone Road I Tallahassee, Florida 32399 I Phone: (850) 487-1395 | Fax: (850) 488-8040 Website: http://www.myfloridalicense.com/DBPR/cosmetology/ ii
Book Code: CFL1024
COSMETOLOGY CONTINUING EDUCATION
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COSMETOLOGY CONTINUING EDUCATION
Book Code: CFL1024
Chapter 1: Cosmetology Hazards and Occupational Chemical Exposure in Salons (Satisfies Elective Requirement)
Learning objectives Upon completion of this course the learner should be able to: Explain why certain chemicals may be harmful and why. Identify products found in the salon that contain chemicals. Describe how chemicals enter the body. List some examples of hazardous chemicals in salon products.
Name the health issues caused by chemical exposure in the salon. Give examples of ways to reduce exposure to chemicals in the salon.
INTRODUCTION
Studies have found correlations between chemical exposure in salons and adverse health outcomes. Salon workers report negative health effects related to their work. Long term studies of salon workers have found more risks of chronic conditions. Research shows salon workers are at a greater risk for certain health problems compared to other occupations. Reports have compiled decades of research on health problems in the salon workforce. Some of this research found a disproportionate amount of cancers, neurological diseases, birth defects, reproductive disorders, skin diseases, asthma and other breathing problems. 6. Concentration is the amount of a particular chemical. How much of the chemical was in the air that was breathed in, or how much was on the skin or swallowed. Chemical exposure is when the measurement of both the amount of, and the frequency in which a substance comes into contact with a person or environment. Everything is a chemical. The air we breathe is made up of chemicals that include nitrogen, oxygen and tiny amounts of argon and carbon dioxide. The water we drink is made up of hydrogen and oxygen. The presence of the chemical alone does not pose a risk or create a potential risk to a person’s health. Just because a chemical is present, that alone does not make it harmful or hazardous. The amount of the chemical is what makes it dangerous and hazardous.
Cosmetologists are exposed to various chemicals every day in their profession. Many of the products used in salons have been linked to health risks due to chemicals found in their products. Cosmetologists use, inhale and absorb hazardous chemicals daily in the salon. Prolonged and frequent exposure to these substances have been associated with such health issues as asthma, dermatitis, neurological symptoms, cancer and many more. The cosmetology industry is not well regulated in terms of the chemicals in products as well as the health concerns they pose. What makes a chemical hazardous to health? Many products found in salons are classified as hazardous and caution should be used when using and applying these chemicals in a salon. A hazardous chemical is any chemical which 1. Toxicity is the ability of a chemical to cause harm to the body . How toxic the chemical is that the person is exposed to is a factor in how hazardous it is. 2. Length of time exposed to the chemical. The longer a person is exposed, the more of the chemical gets into the body. 3. The individual’s sensitivity to the chemical. 4. The chemical interaction with other chemicals that are exposed. 5. The way the exposure happened. For example, how it got into the body. Chemicals can be present in four different forms: ● Solids. Solids have a definite shape. These can include dust, fibers or powders. An example of a solid in a salon would be talcum powder. ● Liquids. Liquids are chemicals that flow like water. An example of a liquid in the salon would be acetone. When a liquid is in a bottle and is pumped or sprayed in the air, it can be broken into smaller droplets called mist. Hairspray is an example of a liquid being broken into a mist. is a physical hazard or a health hazard. Factors that make a chemical hazardous: How chemicals enter the body There are three main ways for chemicals to enter the body: ● Breathing. Once a chemical enters the lungs through breathing, it can stay there and be carried into the bloodstream or other parts of the body. ● Skin and eye contact. Some chemicals can harm the skin directly. Chemicals may cause burns, irritation, rashes or dermatitis. Chemicals can pass through the skin and enter the bloodstream through cuts or cracked and dry skin. Some can burn or irritate eyes from a chemical splashing or by touching eyes with fingers that have the chemical on them.
CHEMICAL BASICS
● Gases. Gases flow and move freely in the air. You often cannot see or smell a gas, but it can be inhaled in the air we breathe. An example of a gas is helium. ● Vapors. Vapors are like gases because they float freely but they come from liquids that have evaporated in the air. An example of this in a salon is nail polish remover that is evaporated into the air and results in acetone vapor.
A chemical can also get into the eyes if a chemical vapor is present. ● Swallowing. Most people do not swallow a chemical on purpose. This can accidentally happen by eating, drinking or smoking after working around chemicals. This is why it is always important to wash hands and keep food away from work areas.
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Here are some examples of how chemicals can enter the body during a permanent waving process in the salon. It is possible to breathe in perm solution vapors when opening the bottle or wrapping the hair in the solution. There could be skin contact when applying or rinsing the perm. Chemical exposure There are a few ways to tell if there is exposure to chemical: ● Odor. If there is a smell of the chemical that means that it is being breathed into the body. Not all chemicals with odors are toxic. Some chemicals may have an odor but can be harmless. Also, some toxic chemicals will have no odor at all. ● Taste. If the chemical is breathed in or swallowed, it may leave a taste in the mouth. Again, not all chemicals that leave a taste in your mouth will be toxic and some chemicals that are toxic will have no taste. ● Particles. Mucus that is coughed up will have particles from the chemical in it. Also, particles can be seen when blowing
It may also get into the eyes from splashing of the solution, touching the eyes, or vapor from the perm solution. The chemical may also be swallowed if the perm solution is on the hands while eating, drinking or smoking.
the nose. That is a way to know that a chemical was breathed in because of the particles in the mucus. ● Surfaces. Chemicals that are in the air can settle on surfaces in the form of dust, powder or mist. Watch for buildup on surfaces on and around workstations. ● Symptoms. Some people may experience symptoms caused by the chemicals. This would include tears in the eyes, burning on skin, nose or throat irritation, dizziness, or headaches due to the chemical exposure at work.
HEALTH EFFECTS
Acute health effects appear immediately or soon after exposure to the chemical. They can be minor like nose or throat irritation from breathing in the chemicals. They can also be serious like eye damage from a splash from the chemicals.
There can also be chronic health effects that may take a while for the for the problems to show up. This is usually caused by regular exposure to a harmful substance over a long period of time. This is usually permanent like asthma after years of inhaling hairspray, for example. Studies have shown the below conditions to be the most frequent health effects from chemicals in the salon. chemicals during the workday. Their hands also are in water often doing things such as shampooing while using chemicals at the same time. Long periods of exposure to moisture can break down the skin’s natural barrier. This allows more absorption of chemicals and increases the chance of skin irritation. Some examples of chemicals in the salon that cause skin conditions include hair dyes and bleaches, perms, fragrances and acrylates associated with acrylic nails. disease. Another study found that hairdressers were more than four times more likely to suffer from chronic bronchitis than a controlled group of other occupations. They also had 70% increased chance of chronic nasal problems like sneezing and runny nose, 40% greater chance of coughing, and 50% greater chance of shortness of breath (Leino, T. 1997). All of these research studies concluded that allergenic and irritative chemicals in hair salons are likely the difference between the hairdressers and control groups. A common factor found in these studies is that many of the respiratory symptoms in the salon workers were only associated with their work environment. Their symptoms appeared to improve considerably during vacations or days away from the salon (Roelofs, C. 2008). Symptoms of eye irritants can include burning, watering, itchy and red eyes. Nose and throat irritants can cause a runny nose, scratchy throat, burning and itching. Lung irritants could include breathing difficulty, shortness of breath and coughing. Some examples of products in the salon that contain irritants are perms, relaxers, acrylic nail products and hairsprays. and birth defects that are commonly found in salon products. Elevated risks of miscarriage were also seen for salon workers working in salons where nail sculpturing took place as well as in salons that use formaldehyde and alcohol-based disinfectants (Morales-Suarez- Varela 2001).
Skin conditions Skin conditions are the most common work-related health effects reported among salon workers (Lysdal 2011). This includes dermatitis, eczema and skin rashes. These mostly affect the hands of salon workers since that is what part of the body is using the chemicals. Upwards of 60% of salon workers have reported having these skin conditions . Hairdressers are two to three times more likely to suffer from skin conditions than those people in other occupations (Bradshaw 2011). Salon worker’s hands are exposed to numerous irritating and sensitizing Respiratory conditions / breathing problems The second most common kinds of health effects experienced by salon workers are breathing problems such as asthma, chronic bronchitis, reduced lung function, cough and nasal symptoms (Lillenberg 2013). Salon products contain chemicals that can build up in the air of the salon. Some of these chemicals can be lung irritants and allergens. Breathing in these chemicals all day can affect the air quality in the salon. This is called occupational asthma and hairdressers have one of the highest risks of new onset asthma compared to workers in other occupations. Salon workers have been shown to be at greater risk for other chronic lung diseases as well as other breathing problems. A study of medical centers in 15 states found that hairdressers were four times more likely to be diagnosed with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, which is an unexplained fatal chronic lung Irritants Some chemicals can cause immediate irritations. They can produce immediate reactions when they come in contact with the skin, eyes, nose, throat or lungs. Many products found in salons contain irritants. Reproductive disorders Working in a salon is a predominantly female profession, so the potential for harmful reproductive effects from chemicals is a big concern. Many pregnant salon workers seek advice about the chemicals they work with while pregnant. Toxic solvents and endocrine disrupting chemicals have been associated with adverse reproductive outcomes such as pregnancy problems
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Allergies Allergies are reactions that people have when they are overly sensitive to a particular chemical. This will cause a reaction every time the chemical is used. Chemicals that can cause allergies are called allergens. Allergies can develop at different times for different people. Dermatitis Dermatitis is an inflammation of the skin from contact with a chemical. A skin rash from chemical contact would be an allergic dermatitis. Nervous system disorders and neurotoxic effects The nervous system is made up of the brain, spinal cord and nerves in the body. Chemicals can cause headaches, dizziness, nausea, drowsiness, restlessness and lack of coordination. This is caused by breathing vapors from chemicals. Sometime, this can also be affected by the chemical being absorbed into the skin. Cancers Cancers are caused by a growth or spread of abnormal cells in the body. This can be caused by exposure to certain chemicals called carcinogens which is a substance that is capable of causing cancer in loving tissue. Some chemicals in salons are known or suspected carcinogens. Cancer causing chemicals are found in many salon products. This raises the concern that occupational exposure to these chemicals may increase the risk of cancer in salon workers. A study conducted found that hairdressers were three times greater risk of breast cancer than women in other occupations (IARC 2010). Studies have also been associated with greater risks of cancers in hairdressers in lung, larynx, and bladder cancers compared to those in other occupations.
Symptoms of allergies may include a stuffy nose, tears in the eyes, wheezing or coughing. Asthma would be considered a serious allergic reaction to a chemical.
Symptoms of dermatitis are flaking, dryness, redness, itching and burning of the skin. This is caused by a chemical getting on the skin and irritating it.
Neurotoxicity occurs when the exposure to a natural or manmade toxic substance alters the normal activity of the nervous system. Hairdressers use solvents and other volatile chemicals associated with neurotoxic effects. Salon workers have been found to suffer from neurological symptoms and diseases at higher rates. A study found that hairdressers have an increased risk of dying from Alzheimer’s Disease, presenile dementia and motor neuron disease, which are neurological conditions. Some examples of known carcinogens are: 1. Methylene chloride. This chemical was used in hairspray until it was banned in 1989 for being a known carcinogen. 2. Coal tar dyes. These are artificial coloring agents made from combining toluene, xylene, and benzene. They are also made from petroleum distillates. These are all known to cause cancer and are considered human carcinogens by the State and Federal Government. The FDA tried to ban coal tar dyes, but the hair dye manufacturers objected. The FDA agreed not to ban the ingredients, but require the products made with coal tar dyes have a caution label. 3. Shampoos. Some shampoos and conditioners have chemicals called triethanolamine (TEA) or diethanolamine (DEA) in the ingredients. If these are found in the product that also contains the chemical BNPD, they will react and produce nitrosamines. Nitrosamines are classified as a known human carcinogen.
WHERE TO FIND CHEMICAL INGREDIENTS
Employees should read each SDS and make sure they understand all information. These must be available to workers in a convenient location. Employers must provide information and training to all workers who use the products. They also must provide information about the chemical potential hazards and how to use the product safely. Ingredients can also be found on the product label, packaging or print materials of the product. Manufacturers are not required to fully list all ingredients in products for professional use. Product labels should have at minimum the name and address of the manufacturer and distributor. They should also have an identity statement explaining the type of use through the name, description or illustration. There should also be facts about the product, directions for safe use or if the product can be unsafe if used incorrectly. All warning and caution statements should also be on the labels.
Material safety data sheets (MSDS) and safety data sheets (SDS) are associated with each product. MSDS are documents that list information relating to occupational safety and health for the use of various substances and products. SDSs are used as a system to catalogue information on chemicals, chemical compounds, and chemical mixtures. The SDS also explains the health risks of a product and lists the precautions for worker protection . SDS are focused on the hazards of working with the material or product in an occupational setting rather thanpa use by a general consumer. SDS must provide the following information: 1. The hazardous ingredients are in the product. 2. How users can be exposed to the chemicals in the product. 3. The health and safety risks when using the products. 4. Precautions for safely using and storing the products. 5. What to do in case of emergencies.
PRODUCTS AND THE CHEMICALS THEY CONTAIN
Hair salons More than 9,000 chemicals are found in cosmetology products (Halliday-Bell 2009). These products and chemicals are made for professional use only. These users must be trained and certified on the proper use before usage. Hair dye represents the largest segment of chemical products in the hair industry. This is the main source of chemical exposure among hairdressers.
Volatile organic compound (VOC’s) are organic chemicals that have a high vapor pressure at ordinary room temperature. The high vapor pressure results from a low boiling point. This causes molecules to evaporate from the liquid and enter the air. Chemicals used in the beauty industry release VOC’s and carcinogens.
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7. Hair extension glue and wig glue. These contain Dioxane 1,4 and can cause eye and nose irritation and also cancer and liver and kidney damage. 8. Shampoos. Shampoos can contain Sodium Laurel Sulfate/ Sodium Laurel Sulfate. These are found in the majority of shampoos. They create the lather and the bubbles of the shampoo. They may cause eye and scalp irritation. ○ Thermal protection sprays. These contain cyclopentasiloxane and can cause breathing problems, coughing, wheezing, skin rashes and eye, throat and nose irritation. ○ Disinfectant. Most disinfectants contain butoxyethanol 2 and can cause headaches, and eye and throat irritation. 9. Keratin Treatments. These treatments contain formaldehyde and are a majorly unregulated salon product that is known to cause serious health hazards. Once the keratin treatments became popular, exposure to formaldehyde went to a higher level and more health problems. These have been shown to cause bloody noses, sore throats, rashes, and respiratory infections all from breathing the fumes. These treatments have been found to contain high levels of formaldehyde which is also referred to as methylene glycol. Formaldehyde gas is released during the application of the treatment, specifically when the flat iron contacts the product on the client’s hair. Formaldehyde gas is a dangerous pollutant that can be severely irritating to the eyes, nose, and throat. Long-term exposure to formaldehyde has been associated with a higher risk of cancer. In 2011, OSHA issued a hazard against the use of hair straighteners using formaldehyde (Boyer 2013). Also, in 2011, the FDA sent a warning letter to the makers of one keratin treatment and began to investigate the hair smoothing products that emit formaldehyde. The Cosmetic Ingredients Review, and industry funded panel of scientist reviewed the safety of and declared that formaldehyde was unsafe when used in hair smoothing products. Canada, Australia, and members of the European Union have banned many of these products due to safety concerns. Since the U.S. regulatory authority is weak in its enforcement, these are still sold and used in salons without restriction. eye, nose and throat irritation, central nervous system effects, skin irritation, dermatitis, allergies, asthma, cancer and reproductive problems. 3. Acetone. Acetone can be used alone as nail polish remover. This chemical can cause headaches, dizziness, and irritated eyes, skin and throat. 4. Nail glue remover. Nail glue remover contains acetonitrile. This can cause irritated nose and throat, breathing problems, nausea, vomiting, weakness and exhaustion. 5. Nail polish and nail polish remover. These can contain butyl acetate and the effects of expose can be headaches, irritated eyes, skin, nose, mouth and throat. 6. Nail polish. Nail polish can contain dibutyl phthalate (DBP). This chemical can cause nausea, irritated eyes, skin, nose, mouth and throat. 7. Artificial nail liquid. This can contain ethyl methacrylate (EMA). This can cause asthma, irritated eyes, skin, nose, and mouth. It can also affect the ability to concentrate. 8. Nail primer. Nail primer can contain methacrylic acid. This chemical may cause skin burns, irritated eyes, nose and throat.
Here are a few examples of everyday products and services that are hazardous in the hair salon: 1. Bleach. Bleach is a common product used multiple times in a day in a hair salon. It is very common to find in a salon and find it being used regularly. Bleach may contain alcohol, ammonium hydroxide, ammonium persulfate, and sodium peroxide. Some possible health effects from using bleach and being exposed to bleach can be eye, nose, throat and lung irritation, central nervous system effects, skin irritation, dermatitis, allergies and skin and eye burns. 2. Chemical relaxers. These can contain alcohol, ammonium hydroxide, ammonium thioglycolate, boric acid, bromates, hydrogen peroxide and sodium hydroxide. These can cause eye, nose, throat, and lung irritation, central nervous system effects, skin irritation, dermatitis, allergies, skin and eye burns, and kidney damage if swallowed. 3. Hair color. Hair color is also a highly common service offered in hair salons. Some hair color can contain alcohol, aminophenol, ammonium hydroxide, coal tar dyes, hydrogen peroxide and lead acetate. Possible health effects from exposure to hair color can be eye, nose, throat and lung irritation, skin irritation and dermatitis, allergic reaction, central nervous system effects, skin and eye burns, cancer, as well as lead poisoning. 4. Hairspray. Hairspray can contain alcohol, isobutane, methylene chloride and propane. The effects of hairspray could be eye, nose, throat and lung irritation, central nervous system effects, skin irritation, dermatitis, cancer, lung and respiratory problems, chronic cough and breathing problems. 5. Permanent waves. These may contain alcohol, ammonium thioglycolate, boric acid, bromates, hydrogen peroxide and sodium hydroxide. Effects of perms can be eye, nose and throat irritation, central nervous system effects, skin irritation, dermatitis, allergies, asthma, and skin and eye burns. 6. Shampoos and conditioners. Some shampoo and conditioners may contain alcohol, colors, fragrance, formaldehyde, petroleum distillates, detergents, quaternary ammonium compounds, sodium lauryl sulfate, tromethamine or diethanolamine. Possible health effects from these chemicals could be eye, nose and throat irritation, central nervous system effects, allergies, asthma and cancer. Nail salons Products used in nail salons may contain chemicals that can affect the workers’ health. Nail polish is the product most often used in nails salons and the main potential source for chemical exposure. Using these products can expose the workers to the hazardous chemicals. The workers are constantly breathing in the harmful vapors, dust or mist produced from these products. These chemicals can also add up when using many products at the same time. These can cause adverse health effects when used day after day, especially with poor ventilation. Some services offered in a nail salon that can be dangerous may be: 1. Manicuring. Some chemicals used during manicuring in nail salons can contain acetone, ethyl acetate formaldehyde, glycol ethers, lanolin, methyl/ethyl acetone, sodium hydroxide, toluene, and xylene. Health effects associate with these chemicals can be eye, nose, and throat irritation, central nervous system effects, skin irritation, dermatitis, allergies, asthma, cancer and reproductive problems. 2. Sculptured nails. Possible chemicals used in sculptured nails can be acetone, dimethyl p-toluidine, ethyl acetate, formaldehyde, glycol ethers, methacrylate, methyl ethyl ketone, methylene chloride, toluene, and xylene. Effects of using chemicals associated with sculptured nails could be
CHEMICALS TO AVOID
● Methyl methacrylate (MMA). MMA is in artificial nail products and is banned in many states. Products containing MMA are illegal for use in Florida. MMA can cause asthma, irritated
eyes, skin, nose and mouth. Some concentrates of MMA can cause a loss of smell and reproductive issues.
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EliteLearning.com/Cosmetology
● Quaternary ammonium compounds. These are mostly found in disinfectants and can irritate skin, nose and may cause asthma. ● Styrene. Styrene is used in hair extension and wig glue. This can cause vision problems, trouble concentrating and tiredness. Cancer is a potential long-term effect of styrene. ● Trichlorethylene. This is also found in hair extension and wig glue and can cause dizziness, headache, confusion, nausea, eye and skin irritation. Potential long- term effects are lover damage, kidney damage, dermatitis and double vision. ● P-phenylenediamine. This is used in hair dyes, and black henna colors. This can cause skin irritation and dermatitis. ● Ammonium persulfate. Hair bleach contains ammonium persulfate. This can cause eye, skin, and nose irritation, coughing, shortness of breath, asthma and dermatitis. ● Ethyl Methacrylate. This chemical is found in artificial nails and may cause eye and skin irritation, rashes on eyelids, face and neck, difficulty concentrating, coughing, shortness of breath and asthma. ● Acetonitrile. This is found in nail glue remover and may cause eye, skin and throat irritation, face flush, chest tightness and nausea. It also may cause weakness and exhaustion. ● Butyl/ethyl/isopropyl acetate. This is found in nail polish, nail polish remover and wig glue. They may cause eye, skin, and throat irritation, headaches and dizziness. ● Methacrylic acid. This is used in nail primer and eyelash glue. This may cause skin burns, eye, nose and throat irritation. Potential long-term effects can be kidney damage, dermatitis and reproductive effects. ● Toluene. Toluene can be in nail polish and nail glue. Toluene can cause dry and cracked skin, headaches, dizziness, numbness, irritated eyes, nose, throat and lungs. It can also cause damage to the lung and kidneys and be harmful for unborn children during pregnancy. Toluene, formaldehyde, and dibutyl phthalate are referred to as the toxic trio. chemical odor, most of these chemicals cause irritation to the eyes, lungs and throat and lead to other health effects. Some studies have noted that during certain services in a hair salon such as perms, hair bleaching, and acrylic nails, the chemical levels have peaked. Nail salons in particular have a different set of chemicals that are detected. These are components of nail products which are different than hair products. Studies of nail salons detect acetone, toluene, butyl acetate, ethyl acetate, and methyl methacrylate at high levels (Women’s Voice 2014). The quality of ventilation seems to make an impact on the monitoring levels. This is a key factor that better ventilated salons have lower levels. A study also found that nail salons that have tables with local exhaust ventilation technology can potentially reduce the hazardous exposure by 50%.
● Diethanolamine (DEA) and Triethylamine (TEA). This is used in foaming agents and synthetic emulsifiers. It is highly acidic and can cause allergic reactions, eye irritation and dryness of hair and skin. ● Dibutyl Phthalate. This can be found in nail polish and used in synthetic fragrances and some plastics. This can cause liver, kidney and lung damage. It can also cause irritation to the eyes, stomach and upper respiratory system. The potential long- term effects can be reproductive and birth defects. ● Parabens (Methyl, Propyl, Butyl, and Ethyl). These can be found in shampoo, moisturizers, shaving gels, spray tanning solutions, makeup and toothpaste. Parabens are estrogenic and can be disruptive of normal hormone function . Exposure is linked to breast cancers and skin and allergic reactions. ● Naphtha. This is also known as coal tar and is used in synthetic colors and dyes to make the product look pretty. They are heavy metal salts and deposit toxins onto the skin and can be carcinogenic. They irritate the eyes, skin and nose and may cause dizziness, drowsiness and dermatitis. ● Propylene Glycol. This is a synthetic petrochemical used as an emulsifying base used in lotion and creams. This ages the skin faster and leads to poor, saggy skin. This chemical is also used in brake and hydraulic fluid and can cause allergic reactions and damage to the kidneys and liver. ● Ethyl acetate. Ethyl acetate is in nail polish, nail polish remover and nail glue. Effects of expose could be irritated eyes, stomach, skin, nose, mouth and throat. High levels of ethyl acetate can cause fainting. ● Formaldehyde. Formaldehyde can be found in nail polish and nail hardener. The health effects from formaldehyde can be difficulty breathing, coughing, asthma like attacks, wheezing, allergic reactions, irritated eyes, skin and throat. It may also cause cancer. ● Isopropyl acetate. This is in nail polish and nail polish remover. Isopropyl acetate exposure could cause sleepiness, irritated eyes, nose and throat. Air quality Research studies have been conducted on indoor air monitoring and quality in salons. These studies research the hazardous chemicals in the air that the salon workers and the clients breathe. Both hair and nail salons use products that are made from chemicals that emit gas into the air of the salon. Even though the levels of the chemicals that are detected do not exceed the regulatory occupational health guidelines, many feel these guidelines are outdated and do not protect the workers’ health. The data from the air monitoring studies have routinely shown that the certain chemicals that are present in the salon are at disproportionately higher levels in salons than other workplaces. Several air monitoring studies of hair salons have found elevated levels of ethanol, isopropanol, ammonia, toluene, and similar volatile organic compounds (VOC’s), as well as thioglycolates, persulfates and fragrance ingredients. In addition to the strong Reduce exposure 1. Ensure good ventilation and increased ventilation in the salon. 2. Keep trash cans and their lids tightly closed. 3. Use small amounts of the product when providing services. 4. Wear nitrile gloves and protective clothing. 5. Wash hands before and after use of any products. 6. Salons should have a ceiling vent which should be turned on during working hours. 7. Always keep the exhaust system and fan on. 8. If the salon does not have an exhaust fan, keep the HVAC system during work hours. ○ Open doors and windows.
HOW TO REDUCE EXPOSURE
○ Place fans near doors and windows. Fans should pull the fresh air in at one end of the salon and push outside on the other end. 9. Install nail tables with built in local exhaust fans. Product substitutions and remedies 1. Use products with the least amount of hazardous chemicals. 2. Look for chemical free, acetone free and non-toxic products. 3. Look for the “3 free." These products are made without the toxic trio- Formaldehyde, toluene, and dibutyl phthalate. 4. Choose acid free chemicals. Some primers can be made without chemicals like methacrylic acid. They are labeled “acid free.”
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Book Code: CFL1024
EliteLearning.com/Cosmetology
It will capture the contaminate emissions at the source and exhaust them outside. 3. Ventilation systems are very important for health and safety. They are extremely expensive to run 24/7. A solution is a fixed gas detector in rooms where the products are stored and used. When the level of gas emitted hits a preset level, the ventilation system will automatically turn on. Salon preventative actions 1. Try to order services preformed to reduce exposure. An example would be to cut client’s hair before a color services to reduce the exposure of your hands to the hair color. 2. Use fewer products and smaller amounts of the products while performing services. 3. Consider limiting the salon services offered. Especially if there are known hazards from the service or chemicals used. Nail safety practices 1. Wear long sleeves to protect the arms. 2. Wear knee length pants or skirts to protect the lap from dust and spills. 3. Wash hands before and after clients, and before eating and drinking. 4. Wear goggles and disposable gloves. 5. Replace gloves if they become torn or cut or develop holes. 6. Cover and protect cuts and cracks in the skin. Damaged skin can increase absorption and exposure. Respiratory protection 1. Do not use surgical masks. These types of masks do not protect from breathing in gases, vapors or particulates. Filtering facepiece respirators called N95 or dust masks. Protects from particulates in the air, like dust, viruses and germs. These are good for use when buffing nails, filing nails and using acrylic powder. They do not protect from vapors and gas or hazardous chemicals. 2. Half facepiece elastomeric respirators with cartridges. Protects from hazardous vapors and gas. Used when moving chemicals from large to small bottles and cleaning up spills.
5. Use nail polish removers free of butyl acetate, methyl acetate, or ethyl acetate. 6. Use nail polish thinners free of toluene or methyl ethyl ketone. 7. Use hairsprays labeled as “low VOC formulas.” 8. Use pump sprays rather than aerosols. 9. Use hair straighteners free of formaldehyde or methylene glycol. Safe work practices 1. Make sure the safety data sheets (SDS) are available to workers. 2. Use only the amount of product needed to perform each service. Don’t keep extra product at the workstation if possible. 3. Close bottles tightly when not in use so product does not spill or get into the air. 4. Follow instructions for the safe way of disposing the used chemicals and containers. 5. Use metal trash cans with tight lids to keep the fumes from getting into the air. 6. Always keep food and drinks covered in workstations. 7. Keep product off skin and out of eyes by wearing gloves and goggles 8. Wash hands after every use. ○ Be sure to label chemicals that are moved from larger bottles to smaller ones. ○ Do not put chemicals down the drain, sink or toilet. 9. Increase employee training and ensure all the training aids are provided for all workers. Ventilation systems 1. Dilution ventilation system. These are effective for small dispersed contaminant sources. It can dilute contaminated air by blowing in clean air and exhausting the dirty air out. This will not completely remove the contaminants and is not used for highly toxic chemicals. 2. Local exhaust ventilation system. These will remove airborne contaminants at the source before they can be breathed in.
REGULATIONS
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) is the regulatory agency that establishes and enforces the standards for workplace safety. OSHA enforces permissible exposure limits for chemicals that workers may be exposed to in a salon or manufacturing facility. They provide resources, training, education and assistance to promote workplace safety. They maintain the permissible exposure limits (PELs), for key chemicals of concern commonly found in nail and hair salon products to protect against chronic health hazards. Additional research is needed on hazardous exposure for salon workers to better understand the potential impacts and come up with better protective strategies. Specifically, research is needed on strategies to reduce the exposure to toxic chemicals and safer alternatives, the impacts of multiple chemical exposures, and on individual sensitivity and genetic sensitivity to salon chemicals and salon environments. Salon safety is mostly a matter of the manufacturer’s responsibility to create and produce effective salon products that do not impair the air quality or have adverse health conditions. With this being said, it is mostly the salon owners and workers responsibility to protect their health. They need to look for alternative strategies and preventative actions to work in a safer environment and protect their health. an important role in creating a healthier salon and work environment. The salon can be a very hazardous place to work. It is up to the salon worker to know the risks associated with certain salon services and products.
By law, all cosmetic products, including salon products, that are sold in United States must be free of poisonous or deleterious substances that might harm users under conditions of normal use. But, with that being said, there are limited legal tools to enforce this law. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is the regulatory authority over the cosmetics industry. The FDA has admitted that it does not review or approve nail products and or cosmetics before they go on the market. The Food, Drug and Cosmetics act contain no provisions that require evidence of the safety of ingredients in cosmetic products prior to their marketing. These legal loopholes make it hard to prevent cosmetic products containing harmful chemicals from being marketed. This is even when there is evidence of harm from the product. There is also no requirement that ingredients in salon products be disclosed. Federal occupational safety laws do exist, however there is no capacity to enforce occupational safety and health in the salons on the federal level. The state cosmetology and barbering boards are left to regulate these restrictions.
Conclusion Salons can be a hazardous place to work due to the multiple daily exposures to chemicals. By utilizing the best practices including using fewer toxic products, better ventilation, and protective equipment, it is possible to decrease the chance of the adverse health effects. Manufacturer’s, lawmakers, government agencies, salon owners and workers all play
Book Code: CFL1024
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EliteLearning.com/Cosmetology
Chapter 2: Our Body’s Chemistry: Hair, Skin, and Nails (Satisfies Chemical Makeup Requirement)
Learning objectives Given the course materials, the learner will be able to: List several of the major functions of the Integumentary System. Recognize the six elements that account for over 99% of the human body. Define pH and discuss levels of acidity and alkalinity. Cosmetology is the professional practice of beautifying the skin, hair, and nails: all components of the body’s largest organ system, the Integumentary System . The cosmetology industry survives on human services focusing on the Integumentary System, and therefore in order to provide quality cosmetic services, it is essential that licensed cosmetologists have a working understanding of the functions, chemical makeup, and proper treatment of the organs within the Integumentary System: skin, hair, and nails.
Explain why high pH products may have a drying effect on hair, skin and nails. Recall tips for keeping clients and staff safe from chemical exposure in the salon setting. Relate knowledge of chemical makeup and pH to product selection.
INTRODUCTION
The Integumentary System serves to protect the human body from outside elements. It functions to keep our internal organs free from damage, but also serves many other purposes such as waterproofing and insulating the deeper tissues, regulating temperature, and removing wastes. It serves in the detection of pressure, pain, and sensation and provides for vitamin D synthesis.
The chart below shows some of the major functions of the Integumentary System : Waste removal (excretion) through sweat. Interfaces with the environment as the first line of defense from external factors.
Protects against pathogens and excessive water loss and controls evaporation. Thermoregulation and temperature detection.
Langerhans cells in the skin are part of the adaptive immune system.
Sensory functions from nerve endings indicate touch, pressure, vibration, and tissue injury, etc. Absorbs oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon dioxide - the cells comprising the outermost .25-.20 mm of skin are almost exclusively supplied by external oxygen!
Acts as a water-resistant barrier to hold essential nutrients in the body.
Guards the underlying muscles, bones, ligaments, and internal organs.
Stores lipids and water.
Insulates and cushions.
Produces Vitamin D Folates.
condition. Mastering an understanding of the chemical makeup of the skin, hair, and nails is an important part of being able to provide these services. This course will provide you with the need-to-know information regarding chemical makeup relevant to the salon industry.
For all of the above reasons and more, the Integumentary System is essential to the effective functioning of the entire human body. As a licensed cosmetologist, your job entails not only beautifying the skin, hair, and nails, but also recommending appropriate home-care products to promote and prolong health and keep hair, skin, and nails maintained in the best possible It is impossible to determine the exact chemical composition of the human body, as each cell is a mixture of thousands of different chemicals. However, scientific speculation proposes that the average chemical makeup of the adult human body would be similar to the following formula: H 375,000,000 O 132,000,000 C 85,700,000 N 6,430,000 Ca 1,500,000 P 1,020,000 S 206,000 Na 183,000 K 177,000 Cl 127,000 Mg 40,000 Si 38,600 Fe 2,680 Zn 2,110 Cu 76I14 Mn 13 F 13 Cr 7 Se 4 Mo 3 Co 1 While this is not an exact representation for any one individual, it gives an idea of the many different chemical components coexisting and interacting within the human body. Six elements, oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, calcium, and phosphorus account for over 99% of the human body . The most abundant chemical in every human body is water (H 2 0), which composes between 65-90% of every living cell, closely followed by carbon (C). Because differentiated cells don’t vary hugely by chemical composition, the formula provided above should be reasonably accurate for human skin, hair, and nails with the exception of calcium and phosphorus, which would be significantly lower due to their concentration in bone.
CHEMICAL MAKEUP
To truly understand the chemical makeup of the skin, hair, and nails, it helps to understand the composition of each organ. Organs are made of tissues, which are groups of similar cells that work together to perform a certain function. Each of these cells is composed of organelles, or very tiny structures that perform certain tasks within the cells. Organelles are then made up of various materials including proteins. These proteins are made up of various amino acids. The chemical formula of an amino acid is easily definable, experimentally quantifiable, and tells with exactitude what the amino acid is and what it does. It is only at this miniscule level that we are able to cleanly identify the various different chemical components working within the human body. This shows the extreme complexity of the chemical makeup of the human body and highlights the uncertainty that remains when trying to determine the chemical formula for particular components (such as skin, hair, and nails) within the body . What we do know with certainty is that hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, sulfur, and phosphorus normally makeup more than 99% of the mass of living cells. Therefore, an understanding of how different chemical compounds interact with each of these
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Book Code: CFL1024
EliteLearning.com/Cosmetology
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