Conclusion Funeral directors, embalmers, and personnel will face postmortem care for persons who have died with infectious, contagious diseases. They must receive training to provide services for these individuals and their families using universal precautions to ensure the health and safety of everyone in contact with the deceased as well as the public at large. The severity of many infectious diseases discussed in this course calls for strict adherence to the regulations and guidelines mandated by the CDC, OSHA, and WHO. Following these Brown, A. (2022, April 16). Ending mandatory embalming. Concord Monitor. Retrieved on August 25, 2022, from https://www.concordmonitor.com/Should-NH-repeal-a-law-requiring- embalming-45973007# Burden, B. (2006, October). (As quoted in Mortuary Management. ) Dead bodies and disease: The “danger” that doesn’t exist. Funeral Consumers Alliance. Retrieved on August 26, 2022, from https://funerals.org/2008/01/30/embalming-myths-facts Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (1992, October 30). Announcement of CDC name change. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 41 (43), 829-830. Retrieved on August 19, 2022, from https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00017962.htm Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2014 update). 2007 Guideline for Isolation Precautions: Preventing Transmission of Infectious Agents in Healthcare Settings . Retrieved on August 27, 2022, from https://npin.cdc.gov/publication/2007-guideline-isolation- precautions-preventing-transmission-of-infectious-agents-in-healthcare-settings.html References Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2015). Guidance for safe handling of human remains of Ebola patients in U.S. hospitals and mortuaries. Retrieved on August 22, 2022, from https://www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/clinicians/evd/handling-human-remains.html Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2018). Emergency preparedness and response: Bioterrorism agents/Diseases. Retrieved on August 22, 2022, from https://emergency.cdc. gov/agent/agentlist-category.asp Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019a). Infection control: Isolation precautions ‑ I. Review of scientific data regarding transmission of infectious agents in healthcare settings. Retrieved on August 20, 2022, from https://www.cdc.gov/infectioncontrol/ guidelines/isolation/scientific-review.html Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2019b). Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS). Retrieved on August 21, 2022, from https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/mers/about/ index.html Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021a). Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, classic (CJD): Infection control. Retrieved on August 24, 2022, from https://www.cdc.gov/prions/ cjd/infection-control.html Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021b). Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, classic (CJD): Information for funeral and crematory practitioners. Retrieved on August 24, 2022, from https://www.cdc.gov/prions/cjd/funeral-directors.html Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021c). Prion diseases. Retrieved on August 21, 2022, from https://www.cdc.gov/prions/index.html Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2021d). Science brief: SARS-CoV-2 and surface (fomite) transmission for indoor community environments. Retrieved on August 29, 2022, from https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/more/science-and-research-transmission. html Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022a, August 11). How COVID-19 spreads. Retrieved on August 20, 2022, from https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent- getting-sick/how-covid-spreads.html Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022b, August 22). Monkeypox: 2022 outbreak cases and data. Retrieved on August 28, 2022, from https://www.cdc.gov/ poxvirus/monkeypox/response/2022/index.html Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2022c). Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD). Retrieved on August 30, 2022, from https://www.cdc.gov/prions/vcjd/index.html Federal Trade Commission. (2012). The FTC Funeral Rule. Retrieved on August 25, 2022, from https://consumer.ftc.gov/articles/ftc-funeral-rule Harriman, K.H., & Brosseau, L.M. (2011). Controversy: Respiratory protection for healthcare workers. Medscape. Retrieved on August 20, 2022, from https://www.medscape.com/ viewarticle/741245_3# International Committee of the Red Cross. (2013). Why dead bodies do not cause epidemics. Retrieved on August 26, 2022, from https://www.icrc.org/en/doc/resources/ documents/faq/health-bodies-140110.htm Johns Hopkins Medicine. (2022). Prion diseases. Retrieved on August 20, 2022, from https:// www.hopkinsmedicine.org/health/conditions-and-diseases/prion-diseases Kennedy, S.B., & Nisbett, R.A. (2015). The Ebola epidemic: A transformative moment for global health. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 93(1), 2. doi: 10.2471/ BLT.14.151068 Mayer, R.L. (2012). Embalming: History, theory, and practice (5th Ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Monument Builders of North America. (2006). (As quoted in Funeral Ethics Organization Newsletter, Spring/Summer 2006). Funeral Consumers Alliance. Retrieved on August 26, 2022, from https://funerals.org/2008/01/30/embalming-myths-facts Morgan, O. (2004). Infectious disease risks from dead bodies following natural disasters. Revista Panamericana de Salud Pública/Pan American Journal of Public Health, 15 (5),
guidelines provides staff with training and preparation to meet the changing demands of the profession and promote the health, safety, and confidence of personnel, families, and the community. In addition to the major health organizations, the NFDA websites provide frequent updates from the major health organizations and resources for current information specific to the funeral profession. 307-312. Retrieved on August 26, 2022, from https://scielosp.org/article/rpsp/2004. v15n5/307-312/en National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center. (2021). Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker disease. Retrieved on August 20, 2022, from https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/7690/gerstmann-straussler- scheinker-disease National Funeral Directors Association. (n.d.). Environmental best practices. Retrieved on August 27, 2022, from https://nfda.org/resources/business-technical/embalming/ environmental-best-practices National Funeral Directors Association. (2014). WHO suggests Ebola precautions. Retrieved on August 22, 2022, from https://nfda.org/resources/business-technical/embalming/ebola- guidance/who-suggests-ebola-precautions National Funeral Directors Association. (2020). COVID-19 Report – July 2020. Retrieved on August 19, 2022, from https://nfda.org/covid-19 National Funeral Directors Association. (2021, February 1). COVID-19 vaccine information. Retrieved on August 19, 2022, from https://nfda.org/covid-19/vaccines National Funeral Directors Association. (2022). Statistics. Retrieved on August 19, 2022, from https://nfda.org/news/statistics National Home Funeral Alliance. (2019). State requirements for home funerals. Retrieved on August 25, 2022, from https://www.homefuneralalliance.org/state-requirements.html Occupational Safety and Health Administration. (n.d.a). COVID-19 – Control and prevention: Postmortem care workers and employers. Retrieved on August 29, 2022, from https://www. osha.gov/coronavirus/control-prevention/postmortem-care Occupational Safety and Health Administration. (n.d.b). Healthcare: Infectious diseases. Retrieved on August 20, 2022, from https://www.osha.gov/healthcare/infectious-diseases Occupational Safety and Health Administration. (n.d.c). OSH Act of 1970. Retrieved on August 20, 2022, from https://www.osha.gov/laws-regs/oshact/section5-duties Occupational Safety and Health Administration. (2016). Fact Sheet: Safe handling, treatment, transport and disposal of Ebola-contaminated waste. Retrieved on August 22, 2022, from https://www.osha.gov/sites/default/files/publications/OSHA_FS-3766.pdf Pal, M., & Gutama, K.P. (2022). Glanders: A potential bioterrorism weapon disease. American Journal of Infectious Diseases and Microbiology, 10 (3), 98-101. doi: 10.12691/ ajidm-10-3-2 Prescott, J., Bushmaker, T., Fischer, R., Miazgowicz, K., Judson, S.D., & Munster, V.J. (2015). Postmortem stability of Ebola virus . Emerging Infectious Diseases 21 (5). doi: 10.3201/ eid2105.150041 Sathyavagiswaran, L. (2006, October). (As quoted in Mortuary Management. ) Dead bodies and disease: The “danger” that doesn’t exist. Funeral Consumers Alliance. Retrieved on August 26, 2022, from https://funerals.org/2008/01/30/embalming-myths-facts Troyer, J.E. (2010). Technologies of the HIV/AIDS corpse. Medical Anthropology, 29 (2), 129- 149. doi: 10.1080/01459741003715417 U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2020, April 21). Managing stress among mortuary workers and death care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Retrieved on August 29, 2022, from https://files.asprtracie.hhs.gov/documents/managing-stress-among- mortuary-and-death-care-workers-04-27-2020.pdf U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. (2021, December 15). Indoor air and coronavirus (COVID-19). Retrieved on August 20, 2022, from https://www.epa.gov/coronavirus/indoor- air-and-coronavirus-covid-19 Valkenburg, S.A., Cheng, S.M.S., Hachim, A., Peiris, M., & Nicholls, J. (2021). Postmortem stability of SARS-CoV-2 in mouse lung tissue. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 27 (12). Retrieved on August 29, 2022, from https://wwwnc.cdc/eid/article/27/21-1621_article Walsh, B. (2017). When you die, you’ll probably be embalmed. Thank Abraham Lincoln for that. Smithsonian Magazine. Retrieved on August 26, 2022, from https://www. smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/how-lincolns-embrace-embalming-birthed-american- funeral-industry-180967038 World Health Organization (2003). WHO infection control manual for transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. Retrieved on August 25, 2022, from https://apps.who.int/iris/ handle/10665/66707 Żychowski, J., & Bryndal, T. (2015). Impact of cemeteries on groundwater contamination by bacteria and viruses – A review. Water Health, 13 (2), 285-301. doi: 10.2166/wh.2014.119
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